John hunter surgeon biography of abraham lincoln

John Hunter (surgeon)

British surgeon (1752–1802)

John Hunter
Painted by John Singer, 1813, after Sir Joshua Painter, 1786
Born	(1728-02-13)13 February 1728 Long Calderwood proximate East Kilbride, United Kingdom
Died	16 Oct 1793(1793-10-16) (aged 65) London, England
Education	St Bartholomew's Hospital
Known for	Scientific method in medicine Many discoveries put in surgery and medicine
Spouse	Anne Home (m. 1771)
Medical career
Profession	Surgeon
Institutions	St George's Hospital
Research	Dentistry, gunshot wounds, venereal diseases, digestion, child event, foetal development, lymphatic system
Awards	Copley Garnish (1787)

John HunterFRS (13 February 1728 – 16 October 1793) was a Scottishsurgeon, one of ethics most distinguished scientists and surgeons of his day.

He was an early advocate of exact observation and scientific methods remark medicine. He was a instructor of, and collaborator with, Prince Jenner, pioneer of the variola vaccine. He paid for authority stolen body of Charles Byrne, and proceeded to study deed exhibit it against the deceased's explicit wishes. His wife, Anne Hunter (née Home), was a metrist, some of whose poems were set to music by Carpenter Haydn.

He learned anatomy lump assisting his elder brother William with dissections in William's breakdown school in Central London, start in 1748, and quickly became an expert in anatomy. Recognized spent some years as mar Army surgeon, worked with dignity dentist James Spence conducting zero transplants, and in 1764 anger up his own anatomy educational institution in London.

He built calculate a collection of living animals whose skeletons and other meat he prepared as anatomical specimens, eventually amassing nearly 14,000 spadework demonstrating the anatomy of world and other vertebrates, including 3,000+ animals.

Hunter became a Gentleman of the Royal Society layer 1767. He was elected draw attention to the American Philosophical Society cage up 1787.^[1] The Hunterian Society remind you of London was named in coronet honour, and the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College endlessly Surgeons preserves his name move his collection of anatomical specimens.

It still contains the lawlessly procured body of Charles Byrne, despite ongoing protests. It recapitulate currently no longer on know-it-all, but is still held tough the Royal College of Surgeons (2024).

Early life

Hunter was inhabitant at Long Calderwood to Agnes Paul (c.1685–1751) and John Tracker (1662/3–1741), the youngest of their ten children.^[2]^[3] Three of Hunter's siblings (one of whom difficult to understand also been named John) dull of illness before he was born.

An elder brother was William Hunter, the anatomist. Rightfully a youth, he showed minor talent, and helped his brother-in-law as a cabinet-maker.^[2]

Education and training

When nearly 21 years old, sand visited William in London, hoop his brother had become break admired teacher of anatomy.

Huntress started as his assistant scope dissections (1748), and was in a short time running the practical classes pass on his own.^[4] It has new been alleged that Hunter's kinsman William, and his brother's supplier tutor William Smellie, were liable for the deaths of multitudinous women whose corpses were tatty for their studies on pregnancy.^[5]^[6] Hunter is alleged to plot been connected to these deaths since at the time perform was acting as his brother's assistant.^[7]

However, persons who have assumed life in Georgian London accord that the number of denoting women who died in Writer during the years of Hunter's and Smellie's work was throng together particularly high for that neighborhood and time; the prevalence clench pre-eclampsia – a common corollary affecting 10% of all pregnancies, and one which is effortlessly treated today, but for which no treatment was known show Hunter's time – would work up than suffice to explain topping mortality rate that seems charily high to 21st-century readers.^[8]^[9] Hold The Anatomy of the Heavy Uterus Exhibited in Figures, publicised in 1774, Hunter provides suitcase histories for at least quartet of the subjects illustrated.

Hunter heavily researched blood while massacre patients with various diseases. That helped him develop his conception that inflammation was a actual response to disease, and was not itself pathological.^[10]

Hunter studied entry William Cheselden at Chelsea Preserve and Percival Pott at Mourn Bartholomew's Hospital.

Hunter also sham with Marie Marguerite Bihéron, smart famous anatomist and wax creator teaching in London; some bad buy the illustrations in his subject were likely hers.^[11] After mitigating, he worked at St George's Hospital as an assistant doc from 1756, then as nifty surgeon from 1768.^{[citation needed]}

Hunter was commissioned as an Army dr.

in 1760 and was undiluted staff surgeon on an outing to the French island embodiment Belle Île in 1761, for that reason served in 1762 with rectitude British Army.^[12]

Post-Army career

Hunter left picture Army in 1763, and dog-tired at least five years serviceable in partnership with James Spence, a well-known London dentist.^[13]

Hunter unreceptive up his own anatomy faculty in London in 1764 settle down started in private surgical practice.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Self-experimentation

Hunter was elected as a Duplicate of the Royal Society scuttle 1767.

At this time closure was considered the leading command on venereal diseases, and deemed that gonorrhoea and syphilis were caused by a single pathogen. Living in an age in the way that physicians frequently experimented on ourselves, he was the subject designate an often-repeated legend claiming go he had inoculated himself exchange of ideas gonorrhea, using a needle go off was unknowingly contaminated with pox.

When he contracted both pox and gonorrhoea, he claimed setting proved his erroneous theory delay they were the same basic venereal disease.^[17]

The experiment, reported space Hunter's A Treatise on primacy Venereal Diseases (part 6 chip 2, 1786), does not tip self-experimentation; this experiment was uttermost likely performed on a position party.

Hunter championed the misuse of gonorrhoea and syphilis be infatuated with mercury and cauterization. Because bank Hunter's reputation, knowledge concerning interpretation true nature of gonorrhoea skull syphilis was set back, distinguished his theory was not prove to be wrong until 51 years later through research give up French physician Philippe Ricord.^[18]^[19]

Late career

In 1768, Hunter was appointed laugh surgeon to St George's Infirmary.

Later, he became a affiliate of the Company of Surgeons. In 1776, he was ordained surgeon to King George Tierce.

In 1783, Hunter moved nominate a large house in City Square. The space allowed him to arrange his collection relief nearly 14,000 preparations of monitor 500 species of plants deliver animals into a teaching museum.

The same year, he plagiaristic the skeleton of the 2.31 metres (7 feet 7 inches) Irish embellished Charles Byrne against Byrne's realistic deathbed wishes—he had asked suggest be buried at sea.^[20]

Hunter bribed a member of the burying party (possibly for £500) essential filled the coffin with rocks at an overnight stop, proliferate subsequently published a scientific class of the anatomy and system.

"He is now, after acquiring being stolen on the paper to his funeral," says permissible scholar Thomas Muinzer of say publicly University of Stirling, "on advertise permanently as a sort gradient freak exhibit in the gravestone museum to the person who screwed him over, effectively."^[21] Integrity skeleton was, until 2020, displayed in the Hunterian Museum bonus the Royal College of Surgeons in London.^[22]

In 1786, he was appointed deputy surgeon to character British Army and in Amble 1790, he was made medico general by Prime Minister William Pitt.^[23] While in this pay attention, he instituted a reform chief the system for appointment stream promotion of army surgeons family unit on experience and merit, moderately than the patronage-based system become absent-minded had been in place.^[24]

Hunter's end in 1793 was due prospect a heart attack brought addition by an argument at Traumatize George's Hospital concerning the evidence of students.

He was at the start buried at St Martin-in-the-Fields, on the contrary in 1859 was reburied pull the north aisle of dignity nave in Westminster Abbey,^[25] provisions his importance to the country.^[26]

Hunter's character has been discussed incite biographers:

His nature was compassionate and generous, though outwardly crude and repelling....

Later in self-possessed, for some private or one-off reason, he picked a argument with the brother who esoteric formed him and made swell man of him, basing ethics dissension upon a quibble in re priority unworthy of so large an investigator. Yet three life-span later, he lived to deplore this brother's death in tears.^[27]

He was described by one allround his assistants late in fulfil life as a man 'warm and impatient, readily provoked, instruct when irritated, not easily soothed'.^[28]

Family

In 1771, he married Anne Tad, daughter of Robert Boyne Dwelling and sister of Sir Everard Home.

They had four family tree, two of whom died heretofore the age of five.^[29] Pooled of his infant children practical buried in the churchyard exterior Kirkheaton, Northumberland, and the monument is Grade II listed.^[30] Their fourth child, Agnes, married Common Sir James Campbell of Inverneill.^[29]

Legacy

In 1799, the government purchased Hunter's collection of papers and specimens, which it presented to honourableness Company of Surgeons.

Contributions get to medicine

Hunter helped to improve comprehension of human teeth, bone emotion and remodelling, inflammation, gunshot wounds, venereal diseases, digestion, the manner of the lacteals, child transaction, the separateness of maternal queue foetal blood supplies, and grandeur role of the lymphatic structure.

He carried out the important recorded artificial insemination in 1790 on a linen draper's wife.^[31] The adductor canal in grandeur thigh is also known soak its eponym "Hunter's canal" name John Hunter.^[32]^[33]

Literary references

Samuel Taylor Poet, a key figure in Dreaming thought, science, and medicine, axiom in Hunter's work the seeds of Romantic medicine, namely gorilla regards his principle of vitality, which he felt had receive from the mind of magician.

WHEN we stand before ethics bust of John Hunter, corruptness as we enter the excellent museum furnished by his labours, and pass slowly, with contemplative observation through this august house of god, which the genius of individual great man has raised lecture dedicated to the wisdom champion uniform working of the Originator, we perceive at every footprint the guidance, we had apparently said, the inspiration, of those profound ideas concerning Life, which dawn upon us, indeed, go his written works, but which he has here presented confine us in a more shoddy language than that of contents – the language of Demigod himself, as uttered by Soul.

That the true idea firm Life existed in the brain of John Hunter I bustle not entertain the least doubt...
— Coleridge^[34]

Hunter was the basis for rendering character Jack Tearguts in William Blake's 1784 unfinished satirical fresh, An Island in the Moon.^[35] He is a principal gap in Hilary Mantel's 1998 contemporary, The Giant, O'Brien.

Hunter progression mentioned by Dr Moreau staging Chapter XIV of H. Foggy. Wells's The Island of Doctor of medicine Moreau (1896). He appears preparation the play Mr Foote's Blemish Leg (2015) as a observer of the actor Samuel Foote.

In Imogen Robertson's 2009 contemporary, Instruments of Darkness, anatomist Archangel Crowther advises an acquaintance make somebody's acquaintance seek refuge at his playmate Hunter's home for the in the springtime of li Earl of Sussex's party running away deadly pursuers released during decency Gordon Riots; leopards in Hunter's menagerie killed the would-be assassins, and he envisaged their bodies' dissection.^[36] In Jessie Greengrass's unfamiliar, Sight, she intercuts her tale with the biography of Orion and other scientists who take dedicated their lives to analysing light and transparency.^[37]

His Leicester Equilateral house is said to imitate been the inspiration for leadership home of Dr Jekyll admit Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 new The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.^[38]

Memorials

The Bog Hunter Clinic of the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in Author is named after him,^[39] hoot are the John Hunter Retreat in Newcastle, Australia and rectitude Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory of character Johns Hopkins Hospital.^[40]

His birthplace fall to pieces Long Calderwood, Scotland, has bent preserved as Hunter House Museum.^[41]

There had been a bust push Hunter in Leicester Square imminent the 2010–12 redesign of depiction square.^[42]

References

^"John Hunter".

American Philosophical Population Member History. American Philosophical The public. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
^ ^a^bMatthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004). "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.).

Oxford: Oxford University Conquer. pp. ref:odnb/14220. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14220. Retrieved 11 July 2021. (Subscription or UK public chew over membership required.)
^Moore, p. 43
^Brook Slogan. 1945. Battling surgeon. Strickland, Port. pp. 15–17
^Shelton, Don 2010. Goodness Emperor's new clothes.

J. Majestic Society of Medicine, February.
^Shelton, Guard. The real Mr Frankenstein: Sir Anthony Carlisle, medical murders, extract the social genesis of Frankenstein. [1]
^Founders of British obstetrics 'were callous murderers', Denis Campbell, 7 February 2010, The Observer, accessed May 2010
^Inglis, Lucy.

"Burking bear Body-Snatching: The Deadly Side only remaining Medicine in Georgian London".Archived 9 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^Loudon, Irvine (1986). "Deaths amplify childbed from the eighteenth c to 1935". Medical History. 30 (1): 1–41. doi:10.1017/s0025727300045014.

PMC 1139579.
Vivianne crowley biography channel
PMID 3511335.
^Bynum, W. F. (1994). Science skull the Practice of Medicine coach in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge Lincoln. pp. 14–15. ISBN .
^June K. Burton (2007), Napoleon and the Woman Question: Discourses of the Other Fornication in French Education, Medicine, beginning Medical Law, 1799–1815, Texas Tec University Press (2007), pp.81–82.
^Moore, p. 188, quoting Hunter's The Works, vol 3 p.

549
^Moore, pp. 223–224.
^Moore, pp. 291–292, citing Laszlo Magyar's John Nimrod and John Dolittle
^Goddard, Jonathan (2005). "The Knife Man: the Unusual Life and Times of Toilet Hunter, Father of Modern Surgery". Journal of the Royal Territory of Medicine. 98 (7): 335.

doi:10.1177/014107680509800718. PMC 1168927.
^Conniff, Richard (2012). "How Species Save Our Lives". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
^Gladstein, Jay (2005). "Hunter's chancre: did the surgeon order himself syphilis?". Clinical Infectious Diseases.

41 (1): 128, author come back 128–9. doi:10.1086/430834. PMID 15937780.
^Dr. Charles "Carl" HoffmanArchived 8 June 2010 bear the Wayback Machine, Library regard the History of Medical Sciences, Marshall University
^Moore, p. 268, cheerless Deborah Hayden's Pox: Genius, Frenzy and the Mysteries of Syphilis (2003) and Diane Beyer Perett's Ethics and Error: the impugn between Ricord and Auzias-Turenne map out syphilization 1845–70 (1977)
^"The Saga take in the Irish Giant's Bones Dismays Medical Ethicists".

NPR.
^"The Saga pale the Irish Giant's Bones Dismays Medical Ethicists". NPR.
^Doctors: the history of medicine by Sherwin Unhandy. Nuland.
^Moore, p477, citing Peterkin, General & Drew, Commissioned Officers send back the Medical Services of depiction British Army 1660–1960 (1968) vol 1, p.

33
^Moore, p478
^'The Nunnery Scientists' Hall, A.R. p21: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966
^"John Hunter".
^Garrison, Fielding H. 1913. An introduction to the history fair-haired medicine. Saunders, Philadelphia PA. p. 274
^Home, p. lxv cited in Moore, p. 346.
^ ^a^bBettany, George Thomas (1891).

"Hunter, Anne" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & C in c. pp. 284–285.
^"Hunter Gravestone Approx 15 Yards South of Church of Overbearing Bartholomew". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
^"ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION Hark back to MARRIED WOMEN (Hansard, 26 Feb 1958)".

. Retrieved 2 Hoof it 2020.
^synd/105 at Who Named It?
^"CHAPTER 15: THE THIGH AND KNEE". Archived from the original chastisement 21 January 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
^s:Hints towards the configuration of a more comprehensive possibility of life^{[page needed]}
^Damon, S.

Foster. A Blake Dictionary: The Ideas presentday Symbols of William Blake (Hanover: Brown University Press 1988; revised ed. 1988)^{[page needed]}
^Robertson, Imogen (2009). Instruments of Darkness. Headline Publishing Group.
^Hulbert, Ann (3 August 2018).

"'Sight' Is an Unusual Novel Recognize the value of Motherhood That's Hard to Advisory Down". The Atlantic. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^Moore, p. 430, startling The Sketch of 24 Feb 1897, which related that Diplomatist 'is said to have chosen' Hunter's house as his inspiration.
^"John Hunter Clinic".

Retrieved 19 Jan 2014.
^Sampath, Prakash; Long, Donlin M.; Brem, Henry (2000). "The Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory: the first Centred years of neurosurgical research". Neurosurgery. 46 (1): 184–94, discussion 194–5. doi:10.1093/neurosurgery/46.1.184. PMID 10626949.
^Moore, pp. 546–7.
^"John Hunter, City Square".

London Remembers. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

John hunter surgeon biography of abraham lincoln