Vladimir vasilyevich markovnikov biography of nancy

(b. Knyaginino, Nizhegorodskaya [now Gorki Region], Russia, 25 December 1837 [or 22 Dec 1838]; d. Moscow, Russia, 11 February 1904)

chemistry.

Markovnikov was the dissimilarity of an officer. In 1856 he entered Kazan University, turn he was attracted to alchemy, which was taught by Butlerov.

After graduating from the sanatorium in 1860 he became Butlerov’s assistant in teaching inorganic status analytical chemistry. In his master’s thesis, “Ob izomerii organicheskikh soedineny” (“On the Isomerism of Basic Compounds”; Kazan, 1865); in regular number of other works; arena especially in his doctoral disquisition, “Materialy po voprosu o vzaimnom vlianii atomov v khimicheskikh soedineniakh” (“Materials on the Question imitation the Mutual Influence of Atoms in Chemical Compounds”; Kazan, 1869), he developed the theory be in opposition to chemical structure experimentally and in principle.

From 1865 to 1867 filth was in Germany, spending chief of his time in illustriousness laboratories of Erlenmeyer at Heidelberg and of Kolbe at Metropolis. After his return he became assistant to, and then succeeded, Butlerov in the chair carefulness chemistry at Kazan University. Respect 1871, however, protesting the randomness of the administration, he enduring.

Markovnikov was immediately invited give out the University of Odessa, advocate in 1873 to Moscow Asylum. There he improved the philosophy of chemistry, set up skilful new chemical laboratory according peel his own plans, and built his own school of chemists. His students included I. Precise. Kablukov, M. I. Konovalov, Folklore. Y. Demyanov, D.

N. Pryanishnikov, A. E. Chichibabin, A. Span. Yakovkin, and N. M. Kizhner. In 1893, after Markovnikov esoteric served his term in rendering chair of chemistry, he surrender it to N. D. Zelinsky but retained a part reminiscent of the laboratory.

An important turning theme in Markovnikov’s scientific career occurred in Moscow: he shifted sovereignty attention mainly to practical artificial research, and thus was reproached for betraying pure science.

Dirt devoted almost twenty-five years fight back the study of the hydrocarbons of Caucasian petroleum and show to advantage the chemistry of alicyclic hydrocarbons —“naphthenes,” as he called them. But the range of Markovnikov’s research also included the story of the salts of integrity southern Russian bitter-salt lakes talented the Caucasian sources of inorganic waters, and methods and funds for testing railroad ties.

Markovnikov as well studied the history of immunology.

He took the initiative detainee the publication of the Lomonosovskogo sbornika (“Lomonosov Collection”; Moscow, 1901), which included material on significance history of Russian chemical laboratories; and he himself wrote regular detailed sketch of the laboratories of Moscow University.

The most main results which Markovnikov obtained domestic animals his work on the view of structure and the alchemy of petroleum and alicyclic compounds were the following.

He welltried certain conclusions, important in distinction first stage of structural possibility, concerning the existence of isomers in a series of greasy acids (for example, butyric service isobutyric acid, the identity line of attack “acetone” acid, obtained by Flossy. Städeler in 1859 from “the mixture of acetone, hydrogen nitril, and diluted hydrochloric acid,” accelerate isobutyric acid).

Developing Butlerov’s uncertainly of the mutual influence become aware of atoms, Markovnikov introduced certain “rules.”

The rule for the substitution riposte in its general form states that with an unsymmetrical olefine, where two possible modes characteristic addition are open, the repulsion ordinarily follows a course much that the hydrogen becomes patriotic to the carbon atom chide the olefin that already has the greater number of element atoms.

Thus:

CH₃CH = CH₂ + HBr → CH₃CHBrCH₃.

Markovnikov recognized range tertiary hydrogen atoms and h atoms in the α differ to a carboxyl group move to and fro more active than hydrogen atoms in other positions. This too indicated to him at what point in a molecule caustic oxidation would take place.

Markovnikov also first stated the regulation that when molecules of tap water or hydrogen halide are borrowed from alcohols or alkylhalides, nobleness separation occurs between them enjoin the two neighboring atoms pan hydrogen.

An example from Markovnikov’s doctorial thesis is:

This rule, as Markovnikov showed, can be used endorse determine the structure of dull compounds.

The formation of compounds of the hydrogen halides embody water with an unsymmetrical alkene occurs so that the halogen or hydroxyl radical adds occasion the carbon of the ethylenic bond with the lesser figure of hydrogen atoms while leadership hydrogen adds to the record with the larger number acquisition hydrogen atoms.

This is say in textbooks as the Markovnikov rule. Markovnikov explained the appliance of the reactions of changeover, similar to the transition be more or less isobutyl alcohol to tertiary isobutyl alcohol by reference to much reactions of separation and adjoining. He also stated rules recounting to monomolecular isomerization and predetermined other reactions, stressing their confidence on the conditions.

In 1872, a handful of years before van’t Hoff’s stereochemical representation (tetrahedral) of the manuscript atom, Markovnikov showed the imperativeness of developing a theory long-awaited chemical structure by studying rectitude relation between chemical interaction playing field the “physical position” of atoms in space; and in 1876 he stated that “the contingent distribution of atoms in grand molecule should be expressed from end to end of chemical formulas.”

Markovnikov was one retard the first to understand honesty importance of studying the design of petroleum hydrocarbons for mundane uses.

For example, he prosperous his colleagues showed, contrary walkout the current opinion, that border from the Caucasus contained derivtives of cyclopentane and aromatic hydrocarbons along with derivatives of cyclohexane. He discovered the existence break into azeotropic mixtures of both these types of hydrocarbons. Markovnikov would-be a method for obtaining 1 nitro derivatives by means dead weight direct nitration of petroleum fractions.

Markovnikov’s contribution to the chemistry arrive at alicyclic compounds consists, first, put it to somebody his experimental refutation of interpretation prevailing opinion that the carbocyclic compounds could have only six-atom nuclei.

In 1879 he conglomerate the derivative of a four-mem-bered cycle, and ten years subsequent (at the same time bring in W. H. Perkin, Jr.) excellence derivative of a seven-membered flow. In 1892 Markovnikov proposed birth isomerization of a seven-membered run into the six-membered one direct laid the basis for justness study of mutual transformations unmoving alicycles.

Markovnikov also made class first classifications of alicyclic compounds in 1892.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Original Works. Haunt of Markovnikov’s writings are tag Izbrannye trudy (“Selected Works”), Uncomplicated. F. Platé and G. Altogether. Bykov, eds., in the collection Klassiki Nauki (“Classics of Science”; Moscow, 1955), with a 448-title biblio.

of Markovnikov’s works encompass the appendix, pp. 835–889.

Among fulfil articles are “Zur Geschichte settle down Lehre über die chemische Structur,” in Zeitschrift für chemite, n.s. 1 (1865), 280–287; “Ueber decease Acetonsäure,” in Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 146 (1868), 339–352; “Ueber die Abhängigkeit der verschiedenen Vertretbarkeit des Radicalwasserstoffs in wound isomeren Buttersäuren,” ibid., 153 (1870), 228–259; “Tetrylenndicarbonsäure (Homoitakon säure),” ibid., 208 (1881), 333–349, written glossed G.

Krestovnikov; “Recherches sur puke pétrole caucase,” in Annales tributary chimie et de physique, Ordinal ser., 2 (1884), 372–484, unavoidable with V. Ogloblin; “Die aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe des Kaukasischen Erdöhls,” accumulate Justus Liebig’s Annalen der Chemie, 234 (1886), 89–115; and “Die Naphtene und deren Derivate feigned dem allgemeinen System der organischen Verbindungen,” in Journal für praktische Chemie, 2nd ser., 45 (1892), 561–580, and 46 (1892), 86–106.

Some of Markovnikov’s correspondence is school in “Pisma V.

V. Markovnikov minor A. M. Butlerov” (“Letters more than a few V. V. Markovnikov to Grand. M. Butlerovu”), in Pisma russkikh khimikou k A. Butlerovu (“Letter of Russian Chemists to Keen. M. Butlerov”), vol. IV encompass the series Nauchnoe Nasledstvo (“Scientific Heritage”, Moscow, 1961), pp. 212–289.

II. Secondary Literature.

There is regular collection entitled Pamyati Vladimira Vasilevicha Markovnikova (“In Memory of Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov” Moscow, 1905).

See as well H. Decker, “Wladimir Wasiliewitsch Markownikow,” in Berichts der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 38 (1906), 4249–4259; Rotate. M. Leicester, “Vladimir vasil’e vich Markovnikov,” in Journal of Synthetic Education,18 (1941), 53–57; and “Kekulé, Butlerov, Markovnikov.

Controversies on Artificial Structure From 1860 to 1870,” in Kekulé Centennial, no. 61 in the series Advances lineage Chemistry (Washington, D.C., 1966).

pp. 13–23; A. F. Platé and G. V. Bykov, “Ocherk zhizni i deyatelnosti V. Perfectly. Markovnikova” (“A Sketch of depiction lIfe and Work of Body. V. Markovnikov”), in Markovnikov’s Izbrannye trudy pp. 719–777; and Neat as a pin. F. platé, G. V. Bykov, and M. S. Eventova, Vladimir Vasilevich Markounikov. Ocherk Zhizni uncontrolled deyatelnosti.

1837–1904 (“Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov. A Sketch of His Seek and Work,” Moscow, 1962).

G. Perfectly. Bykov