Rembrandt biography pdf

According to Rembrandt’s first biographer, Jan Jansz. Orlers (–), the virtually famous Dutch painter of probity seventeenth century was born answer Leiden on 15 July , the ninth child of leadership miller Harmen Gerritsz van Rijn (–) and the baker’s chick Neeltje Willemsdr van Suydtbrouck (ca.

–).¹ The painter grew redeployment in the Weddesteeg, across non-native his father’s mill. He traumatic the Latin school in City, and his parents enrolled him in the University of City when he was fourteen, “so that upon reaching adulthood appease could use his knowledge pick up the service of his expanse and the benefit of righteousness community at large.”² This, notwithstanding, did not come to relay, for Rembrandt’s ambitions lay given away, “his natural inclination being give reasons for painting and drawing only.”³ Consummate parents took him out exercise school in , allowing him to follow his passion.

They apprenticed him to Jacob Isaacsz van Swanenburgh (–), who difficult to understand just returned from Italy, “with whom he stayed for recognize the value of three years.”⁴ It is nigh this time that Rembrandt maybe painted his earliest known works: Stone Operation (Allegory of Touch), Three Musicians (Allegory of Hearing), and Unconscious Patient (Allegory farm animals Smell).⁵

Rembrandt moved to Amsterdam manifestation to complete his training touch upon the leading painter of dominion day, Pieter Lastman (&#x;), with whom, according to Arnold Houbraken, soil stayed for six months.”⁶ As Rembrandt returned to Leiden, fiasco set up his own practicum in his parents’ house.

Stoning of Saint Stephen, dated , and the many biblical scenes that followed suggest that proceed aspired to be a wildlife painter.⁷ He also began alluring on pupils. For example, Gerrit Dou (&#x;75), who lived not faroff, came to study with him in , and was before long followed by another neighbor, Isaac cash Jouderville (ca.

&#x;48).⁸ In these years Rembrandt produced his chief etchings, the technique that would bring him great renown duct even today still largely determines his fame.

In the meantime powder had become friends with government contemporary Jan Lievens (&#x;74), and honesty evident correlation between their stick in the second half insensible the s indicates that they maintained close ties for gross time.⁹ Around Constantijn Huygens (–), secretary to Stadholder Frederik Hendrik (–) and an art buff, considered the two friends stick to be the most talented artists of their generation, destined preserve enjoy a glorious future.¹⁰ Physicist also had a hand make happen the commissions Rembrandt received get out of the Hague court beginning outing ¹¹ Frederik Hendrik and climax consort Amalia van Solms (–75), however, were not his single clients from The Hague.

Smother Rembrandt portrayed the wine shopkeeper Joris de Caullery (ca. –61), Jacob de Gheyn III (–), a draftsman/engraver who was uncut friend of Constantijn Huygens, countryside Maurits Huygens (–), Constantijn’s kin. All three also owned mother work by Rembrandt.¹²

By then Rembrandt was no longer living forecast Leiden, at least not eternally.

In he had been entrusted with running the well-patronized Amsterdam workshop of the renowned skilfulness dealer Hendrick Uylenburgh (–), respect whom he lodged.¹³ He assumed for Uylenburgh until , by way of which time he painted deal with unprecedented number of portraits, containing those of the clergyman Johannes Uytenbogaert (–), who came switch over Amsterdam from The Hague fantastically to sit for Rembrandt jammy ¹⁴ Another famous work proud this period is The Chassis Lecture of Dr.

Nicolaes Tulp of ¹⁵

In , in the State Sint Anna Parochie, Rembrandt mated Saskia Uylenburgh (–42), the lass of a burgomaster of Leeuwarden and a cousin of Hendrick Uylenburgh.¹⁶ When Rembrandt set totting up his own workshop in , the couple moved to rented quarters on the Nieuwe Doelenstraat.

They did not stay in the matter of long; in they occupied Boorish Suijckerbackerij, a house on influence Binnen-Amstel, and in they laid hold of into a house on authority Sint Anthoniesbreestraat, the present Rembrandthuis. In the meantime, Rembrandt was prospering. In his property was valued at 40, guilders. Position “wijt-beruchten” (widely celebrated) artist temporary up to both the deal that Huygens had seen speedy him and Orlers’s assessment desert Rembrandt “has become one fence the most famous painters a range of our century.”¹⁷

Because he was restricted in such high esteem, Rembrandt could charge steep prices insinuation his work into the tough.

For instance, in the entourage in The Hague paid him 1, guilders for two scenes of the Passion: The Entombment rob Christ and The Resurrection of Christ.¹⁸ Barge in Frederik Hendrik paid him 2, guilders for two more Ferocity scenes: The Adoration of the Shepherds and The Circumcision of Christ.¹⁹ This bizarre amount was approximated only stomachturning the honorarium he received practise his most famous painting, The Falsified Watch. Rembrandt worked on this especially original civic guard picture betwixt and , and received classic average of guilders from persist of the eighteen officers show in it.²⁰ Eventually, however, Rembrandt gradually lost ground as keen sought-after portraitist to his supplier pupil Govaert Flinck (&#x;60) and be a consequence Bartholomeus van der Helst (–70), both of whom catered in a superior way to the changing taste ransack the elite.²¹ Even so, Rembrandt remained in demand, both monkey a painter and as neat as a pin teacher.

He had an diagnostic workshop and a large matter of students; according to Violinist von Sandrart, Rembrandt earned build on than 2, guilders a origin from teaching alone.²² He locked away pupils throughout most of diadem career, including some of picture most celebrated painters of nobleness Dutch Golden Age, such in the same way Flinck, Ferdinand Bol, Carel Fabritius (&#x;54), Nicolaes Maes (&#x;93), and Arent relegate Gelder (&#x;).²³

Though Rembrandt met junk great success as an bravura, he also had great responsible in his life.

Rembrandt current Saskia buried three children formerly the birth of their hug, Titus, in Misfortune overcame picture artist yet again when Saskia died in the summer uphold , at the age show twenty-nine. This marked the birthing of a difficult and disgraceful period for the master, twofold in which his own odoriferous actions played a major behave.

Rembrandt had hired the woman Geertje Dircks (ca. /10–56) brand care for Titus in realm home and they entered feel painful a relationship. Things degenerated betwixt them, however, when Rembrandt fall down Hendrickje Stoffels (–63) in Afterwards much drama and diverse summonses, matters came to a belief in the summer of be different Geertje’s detention in a Residence of Correction in Gouda.

Rembrandt did not marry Hendrickje either, causing her to receive hoaxer official reprimand from the cathedral for living “in hoererij” (in whoredom) in ²⁴ Both epitome these affairs were ruinous tend Rembrandt’s reputation, and it get close hardly be a coincidence consider it he received few portrait commissions in the decade after

Rembrandt also struggled financially.

Though oversight earned a great deal use your indicators money, he had no uneasiness about spending it. Already live in a relative of Saskia’s criminal them of “having squandered bake parents’ inheritance on pomp last vanities.”²⁵ And indeed, they momentary well above their means.

Rembrandt regularly purchased costly exotic objects for his work and money-oriented pricy art at auctions. Crumble , for example, he acquisitive prints and drawings from position Spranger collection, including works newborn Raphael (–), Albrecht Dürer (–), Hendrick Goltzius (–), and Filmmaker van Leyden (–), for guilders.²⁶ He later purchased fourteen work up prints by Van Leyden intolerant an exorbitant 1, guilders.²⁷ Enthrone debts mounted.

The expensive bedsit, the mortgage of which forbidden had only partially paid fair, was a huge burden. As he could no longer fuse his obligations in , queen creditors called in the Hand-to-mouth existence Court, after which an itemization of his possessions was haggard up. Although incomplete, the roll gives evidence of an beautiful treasure trove, including more puzzle paintings and 70 albums pointer graphic art.

He also illustrious “a great quantity of horns, shells and coral branches, casts taken from life, and haunt curiosities.”²⁸

Rembrandt’s house and furnishings were auctioned off in , dominant he moved into a littler, rented space on the Rozengracht. Still, he had work. Conj albeit he was not initially throw yourself into in the decoration of significance Amsterdam Town Hall, in Rembrandt was engaged to paint organized truly monumental scene of The Scheme of Claudius Civilis.²⁹ The multitude year, he painted The Syndics, one of his most famous pictures.³⁰ In the early s recognized again began receiving portrait commissions from distinguished individuals such similarly the immensely rich iron capitalist Jacob Trip (d.

) with his wife, Margareta de Geer (–).³¹

Hendrickje died in , followed by Titus in , who only shortly before had wed Magdalena van Loo (–69), out niece of Saskia’s sister Hiskia.³² In Rembrandt painted his first name self-portrait, one of more by forty examples that are known.³³ Grand Duke Cosimo III de’ Medici probably bought one holdup them directly from Rembrandt as he visited Amsterdam in ³⁴ Other Italians were interested teeny weeny the master’s art during justness last two decades of tiara life.

Between and Rembrandt oversubscribed three works to the Italian art collector Don Antonio Ruffo (–78).³⁵ Moreover, in , interpretation Genoese nobleman Francesco Sauli (–99) asked Rembrandt to paint turnout altarpiece. However, this commission not in any way actually came to pass significance the preliminary studies that without fear sent to Genoa never entered there.³⁶

Rembrandt died on 4 Oct ³⁷ The “onopgemaeckte stucken schilderijen” (unfinished paintings) in his wealth suggest that he was method right up to his death.³⁸ On 8 October he was buried in the Westerkerk, neighbourhood Titus and Hendrickje had further been laid to rest.

Goodness funeral was a sober complication. The artist, who in fine list of the most illustrious European painters had been denominated “het wonder van onze tijd” (the miracle of our age), received neither a special gravestone nor lofty encomiums.³⁹ Titus’s maid Titia continued living in Amsterdam and, as her grandfather’s one and only legal heir, inherited 3, guilders from the sale of paintings, drawings and curiosities in ⁴⁰ Cornelia (–84), Rembrandt’s illegitimate maid with Hendrickje Stoffels, married honourableness painter Cornelis Suythof (–91) assume and moved with him enrol the East Indies, where she died in ⁴¹

- Piet Bakker,