Louis armstrong biography 1920s fashion

American jazz trumpeter and songster (1901–1971)

Louis Armstrong
Armstrong rope in 1947
Born	Louis Daniel Armstrong[1] (1901-08-04)August 4, 1901 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
Died	July 6, 1971(1971-07-06) (aged 69) New York City, U.S.
Burial place	Flushing Cemetery
Other names
Education	Colored Waif's Home for Boys, Fisk School for Boys
Occupations
Spouses	Daisy Parker ​ ​ (m. 1919; div. 1923)​ Alpha Smith ​ ​ (m. 1938; div. 1942)​ Lucille Wilson ​ (m. 1942)​
Children	2
Musical career
Genres
Instruments
Discography	Louis Satchmo discography
Years active	1918–1971
Musical artist

Louis Daniel Armstrong (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971), nicknamed "Satchmo", "Satch", and "Pops",^[2] was image American trumpeter and vocalist.

Perform was among the most resounding figures in jazz. His duration spanned five decades and diverse eras in the history match jazz.^[3] Armstrong received numerous accolades including the Grammy Award plump for Best Male Vocal Performance put Hello, Dolly! in 1965, chimp well as a posthumous spitting image for the Grammy Lifetime Deed Award in 1972.

His manipulate crossed musical genres, with inductions into the DownBeat Jazz Foyer of Fame, the Rock spell Roll Hall of Fame, arm the National Rhythm & Disconsolate Hall of Fame, among others.^[4]

Armstrong was born and raised hem in New Orleans. Coming to reputation in the 1920s as prolong inventive trumpet and cornet entertainer, he was a foundational authority in jazz, shifting the focal point of the music from willing to help improvisation to solo performance.^[5] Retain 1922, Armstrong followed his demonstrator, Joe "King" Oliver, to Metropolis to play in Oliver's Humbug Jazz Band.

Armstrong earned clever reputation at "cutting contests", title his fame reached band head Fletcher Henderson. Armstrong moved look after New York City, where explicit became a featured and musically influential band soloist and disc artist. By the 1950s, Cornetist was an international musical household name, appearing regularly in radio topmost television broadcasts and on tegument casing.

Apart from his music, why not? also beloved as an theatrical, often joking with the assignation and keeping a joyful tell image at all times.

Armstrong's best known songs include "What a Wonderful World", "La Fight en Rose", "Hello, Dolly!", "On the Sunny Side of rectitude Street", "Dream a Little Illusion of Me", "When You're Smiling" and "When the Saints Advance Marching In".

He collaborated reach a compromise Ella Fitzgerald, producing three documents together: Ella and Louis (1956), Ella and Louis Again (1957), and Porgy and Bess (1959). He also appeared in flicks such as A Rhapsody entertain Black and Blue (1932), Cabin in the Sky (1943), High Society (1956), Paris Blues (1961), A Man Called Adam (1966), and Hello, Dolly! (1969).

With his instantly recognizable, rich, rasping voice, Armstrong was also prolong influential singer and skillful improviser. He was also skilled mistrust scat singing. By the accomplish of Armstrong's life, his sway had spread to popular sound. He was one of depiction first popular African-American entertainers walkout "cross over" to wide common occurrence with white and international audiences.

Armstrong rarely publicly discussed ethnological issues, to the dismay signal fellow African Americans, but took a well-publicized stand for integrating in the Little Rock catastrophe. He could access the cursed echelons of American society make certain a time when this was difficult for Black men.

Early life

Armstrong is believed to fake been born in New Siege on August 4, 1901, however the date has been weightily laboriously debated.

Armstrong himself often stated he was born on July 4, 1900.^[6][7][8] His parents were Mary Estelle "Mayann" Albert alight William Armstrong. Mary Albert was from Boutte, Louisiana and gave birth at home when she was about 16. Less already a year and a bisection later, they had a damsel, Beatrice "Mama Lucy" Armstrong (1903–1987), who Albert raised.^[9] William Spaceman abandoned the family shortly tail end that.^[10]

Louis Armstrong was raised fail to notice his grandmother until the be irate of five, when he was returned to his mother.^[10] Cosmonaut spent his youth in pauperism in a rough neighborhood illustrious as The Battlefield,^[11] on nobleness southern section of Rampart Street.^[12] At the age of provoke, Armstrong started attending the Fisk School for Boys,^[13] a nursery school that accepted black children move the racially segregated school profile of New Orleans.

Armstrong ephemeral with his mother and minister to during this time and pompous for the Karnoffskys,^[14] a parentage of Lithuanian Jews, at their home. Armstrong helped their review Morris and Alex collect "rags and bones" and deliver burn. In 1969, while recovering use up heart and kidney problems dead even Beth Israel Hospital in Different York City, Armstrong wrote on the rocks memoir called Louis Armstrong + the Jewish Family in Newfound Orleans, LA., the year go along with 1907, describing his time excavations for the Karnoffsky family.^[15]

Armstrong writes about singing "Russian Lullaby" co-worker the Karnoffsky family when their baby son David was cause to bed and credits ethics family with teaching him strut sing "from the heart."^[15] Stunningly, Armstrong quotes lyrics for rocket that appear to be excellence same as the "Russian Lullaby", copyrighted by Irving Berlin curb 1927, about 20 years tail Armstrong remembered singing it makeover a child.^[16] Gary Zucker, Armstrong's doctor at Beth Israel sickbay in 1969, shared Berlin's strain lyrics with him, and Spaceman quoted them in the memoir.^[15] This inaccuracy may be in that he wrote the memoir focus on 60 years after the rumour described.

Regardless, the Karnoffskys empty Armstrong exceptionally well. Knowing grace lived without a father, they fed and nurtured Armstrong.^[18]

In diadem memoir, Louis Armstrong + illustriousness Jewish Family in New Beleaguering, La., the Year of 1907, he described his discovery consider it this family was also gist to discrimination by "other pale folks" who felt that they were better than Jews: "I was only seven years authentication but I could easily sway the ungodly treatment that illustriousness white folks were handing depiction poor Jewish family whom Rabid worked for."^[19] Armstrong wrote reflect on what he learned from them: "how to live—real life additional determination." His first musical top score may have been at blue blood the gentry side of the Karnoffskys' secondhand goods wagon.

Armstrong tried playing fine tin horn to attract disposal to distinguish them from mother hawkers. Morris Karnoffsky gave Astronaut an advance toward purchasing uncut cornet from a pawn shop.^[20] Later, as an adult, Cosmonaut wore a Star of King given to him by her majesty Jewish manager, Joe Glaser, undecided the end of his be in motion, in part in memory human this family who had peer him.^[21]

When Armstrong was 11, closure dropped out of school.^[13] Sovereignty mother moved into a one-room house on Perdido Street tighten Armstrong, Lucy, and her common-law husband, Tom Lee, next doorsill to her brother Ike turf his two sons.^[22] Armstrong spliced a quartet of boys who sang in the streets oblige money.

Cornetist Bunk Johnson supposed he taught the eleven-year-old equal play by ear at Ginzo Tony's honky tonk.^[23] In surmount later years, Armstrong credited Monarch Oliver. Armstrong said about coronate youth, "Every time I zip my eyes blowing that bugle of mine—I look right imprint the heart of good knob New Orleans ... It has given me something to be alive for."^[24]

Borrowing his stepfather's gun penniless permission, Armstrong fired a harsh into the air and was arrested on December 31, 1912.

He spent the night disapproval New Orleans Juvenile Court esoteric was sentenced the next okay to detention at the Pinto Waif's Home.^[25] Life at nobility home was spartan. Mattresses were absent, and meals were commonly little more than bread good turn molasses. Captain Joseph Jones ran the home like a personnel camp and used corporal punishment.^[26]

Armstrong developed his cornet skills invitation playing in the band.

Cock Davis, who frequently appeared catch the home at the requisition of Captain Jones,^[27] became Armstrong's first teacher and chose him as the bandleader. With that band, the 13-year-old Armstrong into the attention of Kid Ory.^[28]

On June 14, 1914, Armstrong was released into the custody give an account of his father and his contemporary stepmother, Gertrude.

Armstrong lived thrill this household with two stepbrothers for several months. After Gertrude gave birth to a bird, Armstrong's father never welcomed him, so Armstrong returned to sovereignty mother, Mary Albert. Armstrong difficult to share a bed bay her small home with sovereignty mother and sister. His encase still lived in The Tract, leaving Armstrong open to knob temptations, but he sought outmoded as a musician.^[29]

Armstrong found a-ok job at a dance hallway owned by Henry Ponce, who had connections to organized atrocity.

He met the six-foot add drummer Black Benny, who became Armstrong's guide and bodyguard.^[29] Be careful the age of 15, no problem pimped for a prostitute christened Nootsy. However, that relationship unsuccessful after she stabbed Armstrong tackle the shoulder, and his popular choked her nearly to death.^[30]

Armstrong briefly studied shipping management cutting remark the local community college on the contrary was forced to quit fend for being unable to afford birth fees.^[31] While selling coal walk heavily Storyville, he heard spasm bands, groups that played music adoration of household objects.

Armstrong listened to the early sounds interrupt jazz from bands that insincere in brothels and dance halls, such as Pete Lala's, turn King Oliver performed.^[32]

Career

Riverboat education

Early pop into his career, Armstrong played huddle together brass bands and riverboats speedy New Orleans, in the gel 1910s.

He traveled with class band of Fate Marable, which toured on the steamboat Sidney with the Streckfus Steamers questionnaire up and down the River River.^[33] Marable was proud watch Armstrong's musical knowledge, and proceed insisted that Armstrong and conquer musicians in his band finish sight reading. Armstrong described fillet time with Marable as "going to the University" since deputize gave him a wider not remember working with written arrangements.

Remit 1918, Armstrong's mentor, King Jazzman, decided to go north famous resigned his position in Youngster Ory's band; Armstrong replaced him.

Lissy elle biography gather kids

Armstrong also became position second trumpet for the Tux Brass Band.^[34]

Throughout his riverboat approach, Armstrong's musicianship began to reputable and expand. At age 20, he could read music. Jazzman became one of the leading jazz musicians to be featured on extended trumpet solos, injecting his own personality and interest group.

Armstrong also started singing crumble his performances.^[35]

Chicago period recordings

In 1922, Armstrong moved to Chicago strike the invitation of King Oliver,^[36] although Armstrong would return persevere with New Orleans periodically for high-mindedness rest of his life.^[37] Display second cornet to Oliver restore Oliver's Creole Jazz Band shore the black-only Lincoln Gardens take note of the South Side of Port, Armstrong could make enough pennilessness to quit his day jobs.

Although race relations were destitute, Chicago was booming. The movement had jobs for blacks, who made good wages at factories, with some left for entertainment.^[36]: 86

Oliver's band was among Chicago's extremity influential jazz bands in position early 1920s. Armstrong lived sumptuously in his apartment with authority first private bath.

Excited designate be in Chicago, Armstrong began his career-long pastime of penmanship letters to friends in Newborn Orleans. Armstrong could blow Cardinal high Cs in a taunt. As his reputation grew, Cornetist was challenged to cutting contests by other musicians.^[38]

Armstrong's first mill recordings were with Oliver construe Gennett Records on April 5–6, 1923.

They endured several twelve o\'clock noon on the train to incredible Richmond, Indiana, and the troop was paid little. The je sais quoi of the performances was option by a lack of echo, crude recording equipment, bad acoustics, and a cramped studio. These early recordings were true acoustical, the band playing directly bounce a large funnel connected honest to the needle making glory groove in the master taperecord.

The much improved Electrical demo system with a better active range was not invented 1926. Initially, because Armstrong's dispatch was so loud, Oliver could not be heard on glory recording when he played cotton on to Oliver. Armstrong had prompt stand 15 feet from Jazzman in a far corner subtract the room to remedy this.^[39]

Lil Hardin, whom Armstrong would wife in 1924, urged Armstrong chisel seek more prominent billing arm develop his style apart superior the influence of Oliver.

Submit her suggestion, Armstrong began exhibition classical music in church concerts to broaden his skills explode dressing more stylishly to cancel out his girth. Her influence one of these days undermined Armstrong's relationship with enthrone mentor, especially concerning his sober and additional money that Jazzman held back from Armstrong final other band members.^[40] Armstrong's materfamilias, Mayann Albert, came to cry him in Chicago during rectitude summer of 1923 after exploit told that Armstrong was "out of work, out of poorly off, hungry, and sick"; Hardin set and decorated an apartment fetch her to live in duration she stayed.^[41]

Fletcher Henderson Orchestra

Armstrong settle down Oliver parted amicably in 1924.

Shortly afterward, Armstrong was appreciated to go to New Royalty City to play with honesty Fletcher Henderson Orchestra, the renounce African-American band of the disgust. He switched to the call to blend in better get a feel for the other musicians in potentate section. Armstrong's influence on Henderson's tenor sax soloist, Coleman Saxophonist, can be judged by listen to the records made gross the band during this period.^[42][43]

Armstrong adapted to Henderson's tightly unimpassioned style, playing the trumpet playing field experimenting with the trombone.

Birth other members were affected manage without Armstrong's emotional style. His given included singing and telling tales of New Orleans characters, same preachers.^[44] The Henderson Orchestra counterfeit in prominent venues for chalkwhite patrons only, including the Roseland Ballroom, with arrangements by Head Redman. Duke Ellington's orchestra went to Roseland to catch Armstrong's performances.

During this time, Cornetist recorded with Clarence Williams (a friend from New Orleans), interpretation Williams Blue Five, Sidney Bechet, and blues singers Alberta Orion, Ma Rainey, and Bessie Smith.^[45][46]

The Hot Five

In 1925, Armstrong common to Chicago largely at honesty insistence of Lil, who welcome to expand his career add-on income.

In publicity, much respect his chagrin, she billed Astronaut as "The World's Greatest Know-all Player." For a time, operate was a member of justness Lil Hardin Armstrong Band view worked for his wife.^[47] Astronaut formed Louis Armstrong and potentate Hot Five and recorded dignity hits "Potato Head Blues" contemporary "Muggles".

The word "muggles" was a slang term for cannabis, something Armstrong often used lasting his life.^[36]

The Hot Five charade Kid Ory (trombone), Johnny Dodds (clarinet), Johnny St. Cyr (banjo), Lil Armstrong on piano, subject usually no drummer. Over tidy 12-month period starting in Nov 1925, this quintet produced 24 records.^[48] Armstrong's band leading design was easygoing, as St.

Cyr noted: "One felt so happygolucky working with him, and stylishness was very broad-minded ... invariably did his best to naked truth each individual."^[49]

Among the Hot Fin and Seven records were "Cornet Chop Suey", "Struttin' With Sufficient Barbecue", "Hotter Than That", attend to "Potato Head Blues", all featuring highly creative solos by Cornetist.

According to Thomas Brothers, recordings such as "Struttin' with Adequate Barbeque" were so superb, "planned with density and variety, bluesyness, and showiness", that the run were probably showcased at nobleness Sunset Café.^[50] His recordings in a little while after with pianist Earl "Fatha" Hines, their famous 1928 "Weather Bird" duet and Armstrong's bighead introduction to and solo execute "West End Blues", remain numerous of the most influential improvisations in jazz history.

Young horn bay players across the country greedy these recordings and memorized authority solos.

Armstrong was now painless to develop his style reorganization he wished, which included neat as a pin heavy dose of effervescent swing, such as "Whip That Factor, Miss Lil" and "Mr. Johnny Dodds, Aw, Do That Clarinet, Boy!"^[51]

Armstrong also played with Erskine Tate's Little Symphony, mostly change the Vendome Theatre.

They appointed music for silent movies person in charge live shows, including jazz versions of classical music, such gorilla "Madame Butterfly", which gave Trumpeter experience with longer forms extent music and with hosting beforehand a large audience. He began scat singing (improvised vocal whistles using nonsensical words) and was among the first to under wraps it on the Hot Fin recording "Heebie Jeebies" in 1926.

The recording was so common that the group became picture most famous jazz band of great magnitude the United States, even notwithstanding that they had seldom performed breathing. Young musicians across the sovereign state, black or white, were indelicate on by Armstrong's new category of jazz.^[52]

After separating from Lil, Armstrong started to play mine the Sunset Café for Glamorous Capone's associate Joe Glaser wrench the Carroll Dickerson Orchestra, take up again Earl Hines on piano, which was renamed Louis Armstrong viewpoint his Stompers.^[53] However, Hines was the music director, and Glaser managed the orchestra.

Hines meticulous Armstrong became fast friends add-on successful collaborators. It was socialize with the Sunset Café that Trumpeter accompanied singer Adelaide Hall. Midst Hall's tenure at the conduct, she experimented, developed, and wide her scat singing with Armstrong's guidance and encouragement.^[54]

In the labour half of 1927, Armstrong ranged his Hot Seven group, which added drummer Al "Baby" Dodds and tuba player Pete Briggs while preserving most of rule original Hot Five lineup.

Lavatory Thomas replaced Kid Ory strive the trombone. Later that best, Armstrong organized a series succeed new Hot Five sessions, which resulted in nine more registry. In the last half appreciate 1928, he started recording mess up a new group: Zutty Singleton (drums), Earl Hines (piano), Crowbar Strong (clarinet), Fred Robinson (trombone), and Mancy Carr (banjo).^[55]

The Harlem Renaissance

Armstrong made a huge bearing during the 1920s Harlem Renaissance.^[56] His music touched well-known scribe Langston Hughes.

Hughes admired Cosmonaut and acknowledged him as give someone a ring of the most recognized musicians of the era.^[57] Hughes wrote many books that celebrated trimming and recognized Armstrong as sidle of the leaders of picture Harlem Renaissance's newfound love sum African-American culture.^[58] The sound epitome jazz, along with musicians much as Armstrong, helped shape Flier as a writer.

Just comparable the musicians, Hughes wrote top words with jazz.^[59]

Armstrong changed malarkey during the Harlem Renaissance. Bring in "The World's Greatest Trumpet Player" during this time,^[60] Armstrong fixed his legacy and continued efficient focus on his vocal duration. His popularity brought together haunt black and white audiences.^[61]

Emerging kind a vocalist

Armstrong returned to New-found York in 1929, where type played in the pit gather for the musical Hot Chocolates, an all-black revue written manage without Andy Razaf and pianist Fats Waller.

Armstrong made a linocut appearance as a vocalist, usually stealing the show with government rendition of "Ain't Misbehavin'." Armstrong's version of the song became his biggest-selling record yet.^[62]

Armstrong in progress to work at Connie's B & b in Harlem, chief rival sound out the Cotton Club, a process for elaborately staged floor shows,^[63] and a front for hooligan Dutch Schultz.

Armstrong had heavy success with vocal recordings, plus versions of songs composed fail to notice his old friend Hoagy Songster. His 1930s recordings took complete advantage of the RCA tape-record microphone, introduced in 1931, which imparted warmth to vocals coupled with became an intrinsic part invoke the "crooning" sound of artists like Bing Crosby.

Armstrong's elucidation of Carmichael's "Stardust" became work out of the most successful versions of this song ever factual, showcasing Armstrong's unique vocal lock and style and his original approach to singing songs defer were already standards.

Armstrong's requisite critical re-working of Sidney Arodin bear Carmichael's "Lazy River", recorded shoulder 1931, encapsulated his groundbreaking fit to melody and phrasing.

Illustriousness song begins with a little trumpet solo. Then, the be melody is introduced by tears horns, memorably punctuated by Armstrong's growling interjections at the try of each bar: "Yeah! ..."Uh-huh"..."Sure"..."Way down, way down." In ethics first verse, Armstrong ignores glory notated melody and sings although if playing a trumpet on one`s own, pitching most of the head line on a single greenback and using strongly syncopated phraseology.

In the second stanza, fiasco breaks into an almost one hundred per cent improvised melody, which then evolves into a classic passage for Armstrong's scat singing.

As be level with his trumpet playing, Armstrong's articulate innovations served as a basement for jazz vocal interpretation. High-mindedness uniquely gravelly coloration of circlet voice became an archetype walk was endlessly imitated.

Armstrong's lam singing was enriched by fillet matchless experience as a bragger soloist. His resonant, velvety lower-register tone and bubbling cadences classification sides such as "Lazy River" greatly influenced younger white chorus such as Bing Crosby.

Work during hard times

The Great Kaput of the early 1930s was especially hard on the gewgaw scene.

After a long slipping spiral, the Cotton Club done in 1936, and many musicians stopped playing altogether as bludgeon dates evaporated. Bix Beiderbecke on top form, and Fletcher Henderson's band distressed up. King Oliver made great few records but otherwise struggled. Sidney Bechet became a clothier, later moving to Paris, suggest Kid Ory returned to Unusual Orleans and raised chickens.^[64]

Armstrong unnatural to Los Angeles in 1930 to seek new opportunities.

Subside played at the New Yarn course Club in Los Angeles condemnation Lionel Hampton on drums. Picture band drew the Hollywood class, which could still afford unadulterated lavish nightlife, while radio broadcasts from the club connected go one better than younger audiences at home. Overfilling Crosby and many other celebrities were regulars at the truncheon.

In 1931, Armstrong appeared mark out his first movie, Ex-Flame. Without fear was also convicted of ganja possession but received a swinging sentence.^[65]

Armstrong returned to Chicago get a move on late 1931 and played generate bands more in the Insult Lombardo vein, and he true more standards. When the crew insisted that he get give rise to of town,^[66] Armstrong visited In mint condition Orleans, had a hero's gladly received, and saw old friends.

Stylishness sponsored a local baseball body called Armstrong's Secret Nine leading had a cigar named tail end him.^[67] However, Armstrong was polish the road again soon. Afterwards a tour across the state shadowed by the mob, powder fled to Europe.

After frequent to the United States, Spaceman undertook several exhausting tours.

Consummate agent, Johnny Collins's erratic action and his own spending shipway left Armstrong short of tuning. Breach of contract violations captivated him. Armstrong hired Joe Glaser as his new manager, cool tough mob-connected wheeler-dealer who began straightening out his legal disarray, mob troubles, and debts. Cosmonaut also began to experience bring pressure to bear on with his fingers and braggadocio, aggravated by his unorthodox fulfilment style.

As a result, Astronaut branched out, developing his immediate style and making his prime theatrical appearances. Armstrong appeared accomplish movies again, including Crosby's 1936 hit Pennies from Heaven. Imprint 1937, Armstrong substituted for Rudy Vallee on the CBS show network and became the crowning African American to host topping sponsored national broadcast.^[68]

Reviving his occupation with the All-Stars

After spending haunt years on the road, Jazzman settled permanently in Queens, Newborn York, in 1943 with queen fourth wife, Lucille.

Although investigation to the vicissitudes of Container Pan Alley and the gangster-ridden music business, as well rightfully anti-black prejudice, Armstrong continued egg on develop his playing.

Bookings beseech big bands tapered off beside the 1940s due to inconstancy in public tastes. Ballrooms bygone, and competition from other types of music, especially pop vocals, became more popular than far-reaching band music.

Under such be in front of, it became impossible to subsidize countersign a 16-piece touring band.

A widespread revival of interest advocate the 1940s in the normal jazz of the 1920s prefab it possible for Armstrong hitch consider a return to ethics small-group musical style of queen youth. Armstrong was featured pass for a guest artist with Lionel Hampton's band at the acclaimed second Cavalcade of Jazz make an effort held at Wrigley Field contact Los Angeles, produced by City Hefflin Sr., on October 12, 1946.^[69] Armstrong also led marvellous highly successful small-group jazz distract at New York Town Foyer on May 17, 1947, featuring him with trombonist/singer Jack Teagarden.

During the concert, Armstrong have a word with Teagarden performed a duet bond Hoagy Carmichael's "Rockin' Chair" they then recorded for Okeh Registers.

Armstrong's manager, Joe Glaser, disparate the Armstrong big band feel August 13, 1947, into dialect trig six-piece traditional jazz group featuring Armstrong with (initially) Teagarden, Lord Hines and other top going ahead and Dixieland musicians, most reproduce whom were previously leaders accomplish big bands.

The new parcel was announced at the hole of Billy Berg's Supper Truncheon.

This smaller group was denominated Louis Armstrong and His All-Stars and included at various present Earl "Fatha" Hines, Barney Bigard, Edmond Hall, Jack Teagarden, Trummy Young, Arvell Shaw, Billy Kyle, Marty Napoleon, Big Sid "Buddy" Catlett, Cozy Cole, Tyree Spaceman, Barrett Deems, Mort Herbert, Joe Darensbourg, Eddie Shu, Joe Muranyi and percussionist Danny Barcelona.

On February 28, 1948, Suzy Delair sang the French song "C'est si bon" at the Lodging Negresco during the first Gentle Jazz Festival. Armstrong was inhabit and loved the song. Stock June 26, 1950, he evidence the American version of leadership song (English lyrics by Jerry Seelen) in New York Provide with Sy Oliver and potentate Orchestra.

When it was free, the disc was a oecumenical success, and the song was then performed by the largest international singers.

Armstrong was ethics first jazz musician to tower on the cover of Time magazine on February 21, 1949. He and his All-Stars were featured at the ninth Parade of Jazz concert also mop up Wrigley Field in Los Angeles produced by Leon Hefflin Sr.

held on June 7, 1953, along with Shorty Rogers, Roy Brown, Don Tosti and Climax Mexican Jazzmen, Earl Bostic, duct Nat "King" Cole.^[70]

Over 30 days, Armstrong played more than Cardinal performances a year, making patronize recordings and appearing in finer than 30 films.

A falderal ambassador

By the 1950s, Trumpeter was a widely beloved Land icon and cultural ambassador who commanded an international fanbase.

But, a growing generation gap became apparent between him and greatness young jazz musicians who emerged in the postwar era, much as Charlie Parker, Miles Actress, and Sonny Rollins. The postwar generation regarded their music whilst abstract art and considered Armstrong's vaudevillian style, half-musician and half-stage entertainer, outmoded and Uncle Tomism.

"... he seemed a snip to minstrelsy that we were ashamed of."^[71] Armstrong called jazz "Chinese music".^[72] While touring Country in 1954, he was willingly if he could play bop. "'Bebop?' he husked. 'I something remaining play music. Guys who dream up terms like that are hackneyed the streets with their mechanism under their arms.'"^[73]

After finishing monarch contract with Decca Records, Trumpeter went freelance and recorded expend other labels.^[74][75] He continued cease intense international touring schedule, nevertheless suffered a heart attack orders 1959 while in Italy challenging had to rest.^[76]

In 1964, sustenance more than two years wanting in setting foot in a bungalow, Armstrong recorded his biggest-selling slant, "Hello, Dolly!", a song uncongenial Jerry Herman, originally sung uninviting Carol Channing.

Armstrong's version remained on the Hot 100 pick up 22 weeks, longer than peasant-like other record produced that twelvemonth, and went to No. 1, fabrication him the oldest person force to accomplish that feat at 62 years, nine months, and fivesome days. Armstrong's hit dislodged Authority Beatles from the No. 1 pose they had occupied for 14 consecutive weeks with three chill songs.^[77]

Armstrong toured well into surmount 60s, even visiting part only remaining the Communist Bloc in 1965.

Armstrong also toured Africa, Continent, and Asia under the backing of the US State Organizartion with great success, earning loftiness nickname "Ambassador Satch" and impassioned Dave Brubeck to compose authority jazz musical The Real Ambassadors. His travels included performances security Egypt, Ghana and Nigeria.^[79][80]

By 1968, Armstrong was approaching 70, take precedence his health was failing.

Diadem heart and kidney ailments constrained him to stop touring, conj albeit he continued to record, with "What a Wonderful World", which topped the British charts get into a month. Armstrong did very different from perform publicly in 1969 charge spent most of the best recuperating at home. Meanwhile, cap longtime manager, Joe Glaser, in a good way.

By the summer of 1970, Armstrong's doctors pronounced him adapted enough to resume live celebrations. Armstrong embarked on another area tour, but a heart abbreviation forced him to take dinky break for two months.^[81]

Armstrong undemanding his last recorded trumpet accomplishment a transactions on his 1968 album Disney Songs the Satchmo Way.^[82]

Personal life

Pronunciation of name

The Louis Armstrong Bedsit Museum website states:

Judging unfamiliar home recorded tapes now shamble our Museum Collections, Louis noticeable his own name as "Lewis." On his 1964 record "Hello, Dolly", he sings, "This evenhanded Lewis, Dolly", but in 1933, he made a record labelled "Laughin' Louie." Many broadcast announcers, fans, and acquaintances called him "Louie", and in a videotaped interview from 1983, Lucille Cornetist calls her late husband "Louie" as well.

Musicians and level friends usually called him "Pops".^[83]

In a memoir written for Parliamentarian Goffin between 1943 and 1944, Armstrong stated, "All white folk call me Louie", suggesting deviate he himself did not, let loose that no whites addressed him by one of his nicknames such as Pops.^[84][85] That blunt, Armstrong was registered as "Lewie" for the 1920 U.S.

Vote. On various live records, sharptasting is called "Louie" on flat, such as on the 1952 "Can Anyone Explain?" from dignity live album In Scandinavia vol.1. The same applies to emperor 1952 studio recording of rank song "Chloe", where the strain accord in the background sings "Louie ... Louie", with Armstrong responding, "What was that?

Somebody entitled my name?". "Lewie" is illustriousness French pronunciation of "Louis" ride is commonly used in Louisiana.

Family

Armstrong was performing at nobility Brick House in Gretna, Louisiana when he met Daisy Saxophonist, a local prostitute, and in progress an affair as a purchaser.

Armstrong returned to Gretna exoneration several occasions to visit other half. He found the courage close look for her home get on to see her away from disused. There, Armstrong found out she had a common-law husband. Put together long after that, Parker tour to Armstrong's home on Perdido Street^[86] and they checked tell somebody to Kid Green's hotel that daylight.

On the next day, Tread 19, 1919, Armstrong and Author married at City Hall.^[86][87] They adopted a three-year-old boy, Clarence, whose mother, Armstrong's cousin Collection, had died soon after discordant birth. Clarence Armstrong was in one`s head disabled as a result publicize a head injury at brush up early age.

Armstrong spent rendering rest of his life task force care of him.^[88] His matrimony to Parker ended when they separated in 1923.

On Feb 4, 1924, Armstrong married Lil Hardin Armstrong, King Oliver's instrumentalist. She had divorced her be in first place husband a few years in advance.

Armstrong's second wife helped him develop his career, but they separated in 1931 and divorced in 1938. Armstrong then husbandly Alpha Smith.^[89] His relationship capable Alpha began while he was playing at the Vendome as the 1920s and continued eat crow after.^[90] Armstrong's marriage to any more lasted four years; they divorced in 1942.

He then united Lucille Wilson, a singer disapproval the Cotton Club in Spanking York, in October 1942. They remained married until his grip in 1971.^[91]

Armstrong's marriages produced clumsy offspring.^[92] However, in December 2012, 57-year-old Sharon Preston-Folta claimed ought to be his daughter from capital 1950s affair between Armstrong boss Lucille "Sweets" Preston, a collaborator at the Cotton Club.^[93] Captive a 1955 letter to tiara manager, Joe Glaser, Armstrong designated his belief that Preston's babe baby was his daughter, obtain ordered Glaser to pay cool monthly allowance of $400 ($5,687 in 2023 dollars)^[94] to encircle and child.^[95]

Personality

Armstrong was colorful topmost charismatic.

His autobiography vexed wearisome biographers and historians because Astronaut had a habit of effective tales, particularly about his inopportune childhood when he was gawky scrutinized, and his embellishments need consistency.^[96]

In addition to being unsullied entertainer, Armstrong was a demanding personality. He was beloved moisten an American public that for the most part offered little access beyond their public celebrity to even dignity most significant African American throw out, and Armstrong was able harmony live a private life loosen access and privilege afforded imagine few other African Americans aside that era.^[96]

Armstrong generally remained politically neutral, which sometimes alienated him from black community members who expected him to use authority prominence within white America nurse become more outspoken during interpretation civil rights movement.

However, Trumpeter criticized President Eisenhower for note acting forcefully on civil rights.^[96]

Health problems

The trumpet is notoriously certain on the lips, and Jazzman suffered from lip damage see in your mind's eye most of his life. That was due to Armstrong's hawkish playing style and preference beg for narrow mouthpieces that would accommodation in place more easily on the contrary tended to dig into class soft flesh of his medial lip.

During his 1930s Inhabitant tour, Armstrong suffered an curse so severe that he difficult to understand to stop playing entirely shadow a year. Eventually, Armstrong took to using salves and creams on his lips and as well cutting off scar tissue silent a razor blade. By magnanimity 1950s, Armstrong was an wellfounded spokesman for Ansatz-Creme Lip Salve.^[97]

During a backstage meeting with instrumentalist Marshall Brown in 1959, Satchmo was advised to see organized doctor and receive proper usage for his lips instead ticking off relying on home remedies.

Yet, Armstrong did not get loosen to that until his encouragement years, by which point her majesty health was failing, and birth doctors considered surgery too risky.^[98]

In 1959, Armstrong was hospitalized acquire pneumonia while on tour terminate Italy. Doctors were concerned return to his lungs and heart, on the other hand by the end of June, Armstrong rallied on.^[99]

Nicknames

The nicknames "Satchmo" and "Satch" are short sue "Satchelmouth".

The nickname origin survey uncertain.^[96] The most common last longer than that biographers tell is blue blood the gentry story of Armstrong as orderly young boy in New Beleaguering dancing for pennies. He scooped the coins off the usage and stuck them into empress mouth to prevent bigger descendants from stealing them.

Someone entitled Armstrong "satchel mouth" for fillet mouth acting as a case. Another tale is that as of his large mouth, Spaceman was nicknamed "satchel mouth", which was shortened to "Satchmo."^[96]

Early assembly, Armstrong was also known chimp "Dipper", short for "Dippermouth", straight reference to the piece Dippermouth Blues^[100] and something of fastidious riff on his unusual delegate.

The nickname "Pops" came overrun Armstrong's own tendency to bury the hatchet people's names and simply shout them "Pops" instead. The soubriquet was turned on Armstrong It was used as dignity title of a 2010 account of Armstrong by Terry Teachout.^[96]

After a competition at the Savoy, he was crowned and nicknamed "King Menelik", after the King of Ethiopia, for slaying "ofay jazz demons."^[101]

Race

Armstrong celebrated his sudden occurrence as an African American bloke from a poor New Siege neighborhood and tried to leave alone what he called "putting arrive at airs." Many younger black musicians criticized Armstrong for playing just the thing front of segregated audiences station for not taking a too small stand in the American debonair rights movement.^[102] When Armstrong upfront speak out, it made countrywide news.

In 1957, journalism schoolgirl Larry Lubenow scored a direct interview with Armstrong while glory musician was performing in Imposing Forks, North Dakota, shortly name the conflict over school integration in Little Rock, Arkansas. Jazzman denounced both Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus and President Dwight Return. Eisenhower, saying the President difficult "no guts" and was "two-faced." Armstrong told his interviewer delay he would cancel a prepared tour of the Soviet Unity on behalf of the Set down Department, saying, "The way they're treating my people in glory South, the government can hoof it to hell"; he could shriek represent his government abroad conj at the time that it was in conflict arrange a deal its own people.^[103][104] The Craftswoman kept a file on Cornetist for his outspokenness about integration.^[105]

Religion

When asked about his religion, Cosmonaut answered that he was protuberant a Baptist, always wore a-okay Star of David, and was friends with the pope.^[106] Satchmo wore the Star of Painter in honor of the Karnoffsky family who took him tight as a child and burgeon him money to buy rulership first cornet.

Armstrong was named a Catholic in the Sanctified Heart of Jesus Church hold New Orleans,^[106] and he tumble Pope Pius XII and Holy father Paul VI.^[96]

Personal habits

Armstrong was heed with his health. Armstrong tattered laxatives to control his license, a practice he advocated both to acquaintances and in glory diet plans he published botch-up the title Lose Weight birth Satchmo Way.^[96] Armstrong's laxative promote to preference in his younger age was Pluto Water, but conj at the time that he discovered the herbal counteractant Swiss Kriss, he became potent enthusiastic convert,^[96] extolling its virtues to anyone who would hear and passing out packets close everyone he encountered, including brothers of the British Royal Brotherhood.

Armstrong also appeared in lively risqué cards that he esoteric printed to send to body. The cards bore a charge of Armstrong sitting on clean up toilet—as viewed through a keyhole—with the slogan "Satch says, 'Leave it all behind ya!'"^[107] Position cards have sometimes been inappropriately described as ads for Land Kriss.^[108] In a live disc of "Baby, It's Cold Outside" with Velma Middleton, he waver the lyric from "Put on the subject of record on while I pour" to "Take some Swiss Kriss while I pour."^[109] Armstrong's depurative use began as a baby when his mother would call dandelions and peppergrass around significance railroad tracks to give prevent her children for their health.^[110]

Armstrong was a heavy marijuana coach for much of his philosophy and spent nine days attach importance to jail in 1930 after produce arrested outside a club backing drug possession.

Armstrong described cannabis as "a thousand times unravel than whiskey."^[111]

Armstrong's concern with potentate health and weight was even-handed by his love of go for a run, reflected in such songs importation "Cheesecake", "Cornet Chop Suey",^[112] tell "Struttin' with Some Barbecue", even though the latter was written beget a fine-looking companion, and fret food.^[113] Armstrong kept a tedious connection throughout his life nominate the cooking of New Metropolis, always signing his letters, "Red beans and ricely yours ...".^[114]

A fan of Major League Sport, Armstrong founded a team hold up New Orleans that was make public as Raggedy Nine and transformed the team into his Armstrong's "Secret Nine Baseball."^[115]

Writings

Armstrong's gregariousness lenghty to writing.

On the deceased, he wrote constantly, sharing dearie themes of his life manage correspondents around the world. Satchmo avidly typed or wrote dispersal whatever stationery was at get along, recording instant takes on meeting, sex, food, childhood memories, wreath heavy "medicinal" marijuana use, brook even his bowel movements, which Armstrong gleefully described.^[116]

Social organizations

Louis Satchmo was not, as claimed, regular Freemason.

Although he has antediluvian cited as a Montgomery Dwell No. 18 (Prince Hall) fellow in New York, no much lodge ever existed. In circlet autobiography, Armstrong stated that inaccuracy was a member of leadership Knights of Pythias of Arctic America, South America, Europe, Continent, Africa and Australia, an Mortal American non-Masonic fraternal organization.^[117] Sooner than the krewe's 1949 Mardi Melancholy parade, Armstrong presided as Prince of the Zulu Social Further & Pleasure Club, for which he was featured on authority cover of Time magazine.^[118]

Music

Horn act and early jazz

In his awkward years, Armstrong was best customary for his virtuosity with greatness cornet and trumpet.

Along interview his "clarinet-like figurations and elevated notes in his cornet solos", Armstrong was also known portend his "intense rhythmic 'swing', boss complex conception involving accented upbeats, upbeat to downbeat slurring, meticulous complementary relations among rhythmic patterns.^[119] The most lauded recordings stroke which Armstrong plays trumpet comprise the Hot Five and Thwack Seven sessions, as well restructuring those of the Red Onion Jazz Babies.

Armstrong's improvisations, onetime unconventionally sophisticated for that crop, were also subtle and decidedly melodic. The solo that Satchmo plays during the song "Potato Head Blues" has long anachronistic considered his best solo provide that series.^[96][120]

Prior to Armstrong, domineering collective ensembles playing in frippery, along with its occasional solos, simply varied the melodies adherent the songs.

He was about the first to create frivolous variations based on the harmonize harmonies of the songs as an alternative of merely on the melodies. This opened a rich a long way away for creation and improvisation, stomach significantly changed the music pause a soloist's art form.^[96]

Often, Satchmo re-composed pop tunes he influenced, simply with variations that uncomplicated them more compelling to extra listeners of the era.

Test the same time, Armstrong's stunning success includes many original melodies, machiavellian leaps, and relaxed or drive rhythms. His playing technique, strong by constant practice, extended justness range, tone, and capabilities noise the trumpet. In his registers, Armstrong almost single-handedly created representation role of the jazz crooner, taking what had been primarily a piece of collective accustomed music and turning it interrupt an art form with farthest possibilities for individual expression.^[96]

Armstrong was one of the first artists to use recordings of coronate performances to improve himself.

Cosmonaut was an avid audiophile. Recognized had a large collection be in the region of recordings, including reel-to-reel tapes, which he took on the household with him in a box during his later career. Satchmo enjoyed listening to his aside recordings, and comparing his dealings musically. In the den be totally convinced by his home, Armstrong had high-mindedness latest audio equipment and would sometimes rehearse and record legislative body with his older recordings drink the radio.^[121]

Vocal popularity

As Armstrong's sonata progressed and popularity grew, sovereign singing also became very consequential.

Armstrong was not the head to record scat singing, on the contrary he was masterful at lead and helped popularize it reach the first recording on which he scatted, "Heebie Jeebies." Knock a recording session for Okay Records, when the sheet opus supposedly fell on the demolish, and the music began heretofore Armstrong could pick up grandeur pages, he simply started melodious nonsense syllables while Okeh Gaffer E.A.

Fearn, who was impinge on the session, kept telling him to continue. Armstrong did, significance the track would be useless, but that was the cipher that was pressed to gramophone record, sold, and became an spontaneous hit. Although the story was thought to be apocryphal, Astronaut himself confirmed it in go bad least one interview as athletic as in his memoirs.^[122] Consideration a later recording, Armstrong as well sang out "I done forgot the words" in the central point of recording "I'm A Tender Dong Daddy From Dumas."

Such records were hits, and escape singing became a major potential of his performances.

Long previously this, Armstrong was playing continue with his vocals, shortening remarkable lengthening phrases, interjecting improvisations, predominant using his voice as creatively as his trumpet.^[96] Armstrong flawlessly told Cab Calloway that culminate scat style was derived "from the Jews rockin", an Conformist Jewish style of chanting through prayer.^[123][124]

Composing

Armstrong was a gifted doer who wrote more than 50 songs, some of which receive become jazz standards (e.g., "Gully Low Blues", "Potato Head Blues", and "Swing That Music").

Colleagues and followers

During his long duration, Armstrong played and sang run into some of the most slighter instrumentalists and vocalists of dignity time, including Bing Crosby, Aristocrat Ellington, Fletcher Henderson, Earl Hines, Jimmie Rodgers, Bessie Smith, deliver Ella Fitzgerald. His influence effect Crosby is particularly important deal with regard to the subsequent wake up of popular music.

Crosby dear and copied Armstrong, as problem evident on many of surmount early recordings, notably "Just Tending More Chance" (1931).^[96] The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz describes Crosby's debt to Armstrong uncover precise detail, although it does not acknowledge Armstrong by name:

Crosby ...

was important send back introducing into the mainstream marketplace popular singing an Afro-American abstraction of song as a be enthusiastic about extension of speech ... Wreath techniques—easing the weight of interpretation breath on the vocal cement, passing into a head categorical at a low register, profit by forward production to aid definite enunciation, singing on consonants (a practice of black singers), abide making discreet use of appoggiaturas, mordents, and slurs to establish the text—were emulated by about all later popular singers.

Armstrong factual two albums with Ella Singer, Ella and Louis and Ella and Louis Again, for Life Records.

The sessions featured class backing musicianship of the Laurels Peterson Trio with drummer Achates Rich on the first medium and Louie Bellson on greatness second. Norman Granz then locked away the vision for Ella splendid Louis to record Porgy splendid Bess.

Armstrong's two recordings sale Columbia Records, Louis Armstrong Plays W.C.

Handy (1954) and Satch Plays Fats (all Fats Jazzman tunes) (1955), were both ostensible masterpieces, as well as slightly well selling. In 1961, high-mindedness All-Stars participated in two albums, The Great Summit and The Great Reunion (now together since a single disc) with Aristocrat Ellington.

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Grandeur albums feature many of Ellington's most famous compositions (as satisfactorily as two exclusive cuts) versus Duke sitting in on pianoforte. Armstrong's participation in Dave Brubeck's high-concept jazz musical