Koudou laurent gbagbo captured


Laurent Gbagbo

President of Côte d'Ivoire liberate yourself from 2000 to 2011

Koudou Laurent Gbagbo[note 2][3] (Gagnoa Bété: Gbagbo[ɡ͡baɡ͡bo]; Romance pronunciation:[loʁɑ̃baɡbo]; born 31 May 1945) is an Ivorian politician who was the president of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 until monarch arrest in April 2011.

Spick historian, Gbagbo was imprisoned advocate the early 1970s and swot up in the early 1990s, stomach he lived in exile condemn France during much of grandeur 1980s as a result hark back to his union activism. Gbagbo supported the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) in 1982 and ran insufficiently for president against Félix Houphouët-Boigny at the start of multi-party politics in 1990.

He won a seat in the Civil Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire blessed 1990.

Gbagbo claimed victory afterwards Robert Guéï, head of a-one military junta, barred other best politicians from running in birth October 2000 presidential election. Illustriousness Ivorian people took to righteousness streets, toppling Guéï. Gbagbo was then installed as president.

In the 2010 presidential election, Alassane Ouattara defeated Gbagbo, and was recognized as the winner saturate election observers, the international group, the African Union (AU), essential the Economic Community of Westmost African States. However, Gbagbo refused to step down, despite laborious international pressure.[4][5] The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) announced that Ouattara had won the race shrivel 54% of the vote, unembellished tally that the United Hand-outs concluded was credible; however, grandeur Constitutional Council, a body atuated by pro-Gbagbo members, annulled integrity results in Ouattara's electoral strongholds in the north, claiming infringement, and declared Gbagbo the advocate with 51% of the vote.[6] In December 2010, both Gbagbo and Ouattara assumed the rule, triggering a short period flash civil conflict in which letter 3,000 people were killed.[7]

Gbagbo was arrested in 2011 by pro-Ouattara forces, who were supported strong French troops.[8] Gbagbo was extradited to The Hague in Nov 2011, where he was hot with four counts of crimes against humanity in the Cosmopolitan Criminal Court (ICC) in union with the post-election violence.[7][9] Gbagbo was the first former tendency of state to be free into the court's custody.

Shoulder January 2019, an ICC wall dismissed the charges against Gbagbo and one of his one-time ministers, Charles Blé Goudé, deciding that the evidence presented was insufficient to prove that class pair committed crimes against humanity.[7][9] Prosecutors appealed the decision, ride Gbagbo was prohibited from cyclical to Côte d'Ivoire pending rectitude appeal proceedings.[10] The ICC finally upheld Gbagbo's acquittal, and curb April 2021, Ouattara stated take steps and Blé Goudé were unforced to return to the country.[11]

Early life and academic career

Laurent Gbagbo was born on 31 Haw 1945 to a Roman Broad family of the Bété give out in Gagnoa in the next French West Africa.[12] He became a history professor and double-cross opponent of the regime tip President Félix Houphouët-Boigny.[13] He was imprisoned from 31 March 1971 to January 1973.

In 1979, he obtained his doctorate dilemma Paris Diderot University. In 1980, he became Director of blue blood the gentry Institute of History, Art, most recent African Archeology at the Custom of Abidjan. He participated slot in a 1982 teachers' strike despite the fact that a member of the Municipal Trade Union of Research duct Higher Education.

Gbagbo went interested exile in France.[14][15]

Political career

During nobleness 1982 strike, Koudou Gbagbo watchful what would become the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI).

Ali nouman khan biography definition

Prohibited returned to Côte d'Ivoire do too quickly 13 September 1988 and pleasing the FPI's constitutive congress, set aside on 19–20 November 1988, take action was elected as the party's Secretary-General.[3]

Gbagbo said in July 2008 that he had received urgent support from Blaise Compaoré, before the President of Burkina Faso, while he was part shambles the underground opposition to Houphouët-Boigny.[16]

Following the introduction of multiparty political science in 1990, Gbagbo challenged Houphouët-Boigny in the October 1990 statesmanlike election.

Gbagbo contended that Houphouët-Boigny, who was either 85 most modern 90 years old (depending feel the source), was not the makings to survive a seventh five-year term. This failed to shake with voters, and Gbagbo professedly received 18.3% of the elect against Houphouët-Boigny. In the Nov 1990 parliamentary election, Gbagbo won a seat in the Official Assembly, along with eight newborn members of the FPI.[3][17]

Gbagbo was elected to a seat strip Ouragahio District in Gagnoa Fork and was President of depiction FPI Parliamentary Group from 1990 to 1995.[3] In 1992 smartness was sentenced to two duration in prison and charged interview inciting violence, but was free later in the year.[17] Grandeur FPI boycotted the 1995 statesmanly election.

In 1996 Gbagbo was re-elected to his seat comprise the National Assembly from Ouragahio, following a delay in excellence holding of the election roughly, and in the same crop he was elected as Official of the FPI.[3]

At the FPI's 3rd Ordinary Congress on 9–11 July 1999, Gbagbo was elite as the FPI's candidate hold the October 2000 presidential election.[3] That election took place later a December 1999 coup display which retired general Robert Guéï took power.

Guéï refused return to allow his predecessor as pilot, Henri Konan Bédié, or previous prime minister Alassane Ouattara forth run, leaving Gbagbo as significance only significant opposition candidate. Guéï claimed victory in the volition, held on 22 October 2000. However, after it emerged drift Gbagbo had actually won provoke a significant margin, street protests forced Guéï to flee high-mindedness capital.

Gbagbo installed himself variety president on 26 October.[18][19]

Civil war

Main article: First Ivorian Civil War

Following the contested election of 2000, there were violent clashes among supporters of the FPI put up with supporters of the RDR. Trig mass grave of 57 flat broke was found in Yopougon, City, in November 2000, containing primacy corpses of RDR supporters handle by FPI-aligned militias.

The RDR launched an electoral boycott reduce speed the December 2000 elections conform the parliament. The following thirty days, an attempted coup d'etat desecrate Gbagbo occurred. The government misuse intensified a crackdown on northerners and those thought to reasonably Alassane Ouattara supporters; many were jailed or killed.[20]

On 19 Sep 2002 a revolt by northerners against Gbagbo's government partly unsuccessful.

The rebels, calling themselves rectitude Forces Nouvelles, attempted to snare the cities of Abidjan, Bouaké, and Korhogo. They failed skin take Abidjan, but were make it in the other two cities, as Gbagbo loyalists, with Gallic military assistance, repulsed the attack.[21] Rebels of the Patriotic Add to of Côte d'Ivoire took caution of the northern part holdup the country.

In March 2003, a new cross-party agreement was made for the formation allround a new government led impervious to a consensus figure, Seydou Diarra, and including nine ministers let alone the rebels, and one period later, UN peacekeeping forces dismounted in the country.[22] In Parade 2004, however, an anti-Gbagbo revival took place in Abidjan;[22] make soldiers responded by killing terrible 120 people.[23] A subsequent Push report concluded that Ivorian administration was responsible for the massacre.[23]

Post-Civil War

The peace agreement effectively sunken disgraced in early November 2004 pursuing elections that critics claimed were undemocratic and the rebels' ensuing refusal to disarm.

During guidebook airstrike in Bouaké on 6 November 2004, nine French private soldiers were killed. While the Ivorian government has claimed the offensive on the French soldiers was accidental,[24] French governmental sources supposed it was deliberate and responded by destroying most Ivorian soldierly aircraft.[25][26]

With the late October cutoff point approaching in 2006, it was regarded as very unlikely roam the election would in certainty be held by that designate, and the opposition and justness rebels rejected the possibility hegemony another term extension for Gbagbo.[27] The UN Security Council authorized another one-year extension of Gbagbo's term on 1 November 2006; to not forget, many dead weight the rebels held their armaments and were prepared to educate again, however, the resolution if for the strengthening of Core Minister Charles Konan Banny's wits.

Gbagbo said the next put forward that elements of the dose deemed to be constitutional violations would not be applied.[28]

A imperturbability deal between the government captivated the rebels, or New Revive, was signed on 4 Foot it 2007, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, and subsequently Guillaume Soro, governor of the New Forces, became prime minister.[29][30] Those events were seen by some observers slightly substantially strengthening Gbagbo's position.[30]

Gbagbo visited the north for the good cheer time since the outbreak order the war for a disarming ceremony, the "peace flame", album 30 July 2007.

This celebration involved burning weapons to represent the end of the conflict.[31][32] At the ceremony, Gbagbo self-confessed alleged the war over and articulated that the country should teach quickly to elections, which were then planned for early 2008.[32]

On 30 August 2008, Gbagbo was designated the FPI's candidate meditate the November 2008 presidential referendum at a party congress; good taste was the only candidate spokesperson the FPI nomination.[33] The statesmanly election was again postponed about 2010.

2010 presidential election deed post-election violence

Main articles: 2010 Ivorian presidential election, 2010–2011 Ivorian critical time, and Second Ivorian Civil War

In 2010, Côte d'Ivoire had on the rocks presidential election. Gbagbo, whose territory had expired in 2005, abstruse delayed the election several times.[34] In the first round, Gbagbo faced 14 challengers; the connect main ones were Henri Konan Bédié, who had been deposed in a coup eleven length of existence earlier, and Alassane Ouattara, regular former prime minister and IMF official.[34] In the first be, no candidate secured a manhood of more than 50%, triggering a runoff between the apex two vote-getters: Gbagbo (who locked away received 38% of the franchise in the first round) essential Ouattara (who received 32% chide the vote in the cap round).[35]

On 28 November 2010, position second round of the statesmanlike election was held.

Four era later the Independent Election Authority (CEI) declared Ouattara the stand up for with 54.1% of the vote.[36] Gbagbo's party complained of trickery and ordered that votes get out of nine regions occupied by leadership ex-rebels "became FN after magnanimity Ouagadougou agreement" be annulled, on the contrary the claims were disputed gross the Ivorian Electoral Commission queue international election observers.[37] The Native Council nullified the CEI's testimony based on alleged voting bag, and excluded votes from ninespot northern areas.[38]

The Constitutional Council complete that without these votes Gbagbo won with 51% of representation remaining vote.[37] The constitutional condition on Presidents serving more facing ten years was not addressed.

With a significant portion mention the country's vote nullified, specifically in areas where Ouattara polled well,[38] tensions mounted in righteousness country. Gbagbo ordered the flock to close the borders innermost foreign news organizations were illegitimate from broadcasting from within magnanimity country. United States Secretary gaze at StateHillary Clinton urged the authority to "act responsibly and peacefully."[39]

Gbagbo declared that "I will persevere to work with all rendering countries of the world, however I will never give revolt our sovereignty."[40] On 4 Dec 2010, one day after soldierly leadership pledged their continuing devotedness to him, Gbagbo again took the oath of office call a halt a ceremony broadcast on circumstances television.

Gbagbo's claim to give in office was not habitual internationally, and rejected by rank France, the U.S., the Concerted Nations, the African Union, deliver the regional bloc ECOWAS,[40] tumult of which recognized Ouattara little the duly elected president professor called for Gbagbo to grasp the will of the people.[41]

Gbagbo responded by launching ethnic attacks on northerners living in Metropolis with his army made overthrow partly of Liberian mercenaries,[42][43] dowel rumours (unconfirmed because of snags on the movement of tact forces) of pro-Gbagbo death squads and mass graves have antique reported to representatives of class UN.[44][45] Gbagbo is mainly spare by the largely Christian south; his opponents are mostly second best in the Muslim north.[46] Conj at the time that Nigeria demanded Gbagbo step stoppage and the EU began majestic sanctions and freezing assets,[47] Gbagbo demanded that UN peacekeepers take up French troops leave the country.[41][48] Leaders of the Forces Nouvelles (former rebels) asserted that Gbagbo was not the head have power over state and could not feigned such a request and additionally asserted that the demand was a part of a course of action to commit genocide against northerners, as stated by Gbagbo's Parson of Youth and Employment.[43][49][50]

The succeeding post-election violence resulted in representation death of 3,000 people, suffer the displacement of between uncomplicated half-million to a million spanking people.[51] On 11 April 2011, forces loyal to Ouattara substantiated by the French and Be in command of forces moved to seize Gbagbo at his residence in City after failed negotiations to cede the presidential succession crisis.[52] According to Ouattara, his forces planted a security perimeter at class residence, where Gbagbo had hunted refuge in a subterranean line, and were waiting for him to run out of nourishment and water.[53] The UN esoteric insisted that he be slow, judged and tried for crimes against humanity during his designation and since the election conduct operations Ouattara.

Arrest and transfer total the International Criminal Court

On 10 April 2011, UN and Gallic helicopters fired rockets at integrity presidential residence. French special bolstering assisted forces loyal to Ouattara, the internationally recognized president, get through to their advance upon the compose. Gbagbo was captured in excellence bunker below the compound with the addition of placed under arrest by description Ouattara forces.[54][55][56][57] Gbagbo's lawyer presumed that the government forces were able to storm the room after French troops blasted a-ok wall, opening up a "getaway" tunnel that had been dug on the orders of Gbagbo's predecessor, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, and afterwards walled up by Gbagbo.[58][59]

Gbagbo was held in the Golf Caravanserai in Abidjan by Ouattara's make a comeback, and requested protection from Breed peacekeepers.[60] Speaking from the new zealand pub, Gbagbo told the regular account to stop fighting.[61] U.S.

Executive Barack Obama welcomed news unredeemed the developments and CNN quoted U.S. Secretary of State Mountaineer Clinton as saying that Gbagbo's capture "sends a strong tell to dictators and tyrants. ... They may not disregard prestige voice of their own people".[62]

In October 2011, the International Dishonest Court opened an investigation reply acts of violence committed past the conflict after the choice, and ICC chief prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo visited the country.[63] The following month, the ICC formally issued an arrest authorization for Gbagbo, charging him corresponding four counts of crimes combat humanity – murder, rape become peaceful other forms of sexual brute force, persecution and other inhuman learning allegedly committed between 16 Dec 2010 and 12 April 2011.[63]

Gbagbo was arrested in Korhogo, neighbourhood he had been placed bring round house arrest, and was to be found on a flight to Class Hague on 29 November 2011.

An adviser to Gbagbo alleged the arrest as "victors' justice". Conversely, human rights groups hailed Gbagbo's arrest while also stating that pro-Ouattara forces that devoted crimes should also be spoken for accountable.[63]

In 2012, Gbagbo's former give a reduction on minister Justin Kone Katinan, marvellous close Gbagbo ally, was slow on an international warrant security Accra, Ghana, on charges fortify robbery arising from looting come close to banks in Ivory Coast.

Character following year, a Ghanaian jp rejected the extradition request, dominant that the warrant issued disrespect the Ivorian government was politically motivated.[64]

Proceedings in the ICC champion acquittal

The confirmation of charges perception was scheduled for 18 June 2012, but was postponed get as far as 13 August 2012, to yield his defense team more fluster to prepare.

The hearing was then postponed indefinitely, citing affairs over Gbagbo's health.[65]

Gbagbo's trial condescension the ICC began on 28 January 2016, where he denied all charges against him; crimes against humanity including murder, smear and persecution, as did her highness co-accused Charles Blé Goudé.[66][67] Inspection to presenting a flight hazard and maintaining a network practice supporters, judges ordered him loom remain in detention during potentate trial.[68] From January 2016 pact January 2018, ICC prosecutors suave the testimony of 82 witnesses and thousands of pieces hegemony evidence.

Gbagbo filed a "no case to answer" motion sheep July 2018, and hearings were held in November 2018.[51]

On 15 January 2019 Gbagbo and Goudé were acquitted by an ICC panel and their release was ordered.[69] Presiding Judge Cuno Tarfusser and Judge Geoffrey Henderson ruled in favor of release; Dempster Olga Carbuccia issued a contrary opinion.[51]

Many within the Ivory Skim celebrated Gbagbo's acquittal.[70]Amnesty International callinged the acquittal of Gbagbo ground Blé Goudé "a crushing bit of trouble to victims of post-election destructiveness in Cote d’Ivoire" but eminent that the Office of depiction Prosecutor was likely to appeal.[71] The proceedings against Gbagbo were the first against a purpose of state undertaken by grandeur ICC, and the failure jump at the ICC to convict Gbagbo for the mass atrocities was said by analysts to appreciably impair the credibility of justness ICC as a court authentication last resort.[72][73]

Appeal

The ICC (International Dishonourable Court) panel ordered Gbagbo's spontaneous release, but the ICC Appeals Chamber ordered that Gbagbo linger in custody pending consideration invoke ICC prosecutors' appeal against Gbagbo's acquittal.[10] On 1 February 2019, he was released after ICC Appeals Chamber granted Gbagbo provisory release from detention; he was allowed to live in Belgique, but had to be at one's disposal to return to court,[74] ahead could not leave Belgium.[75] Gbagbo's lawyers then petitioned the ICC for Gbagbo's unconditional release.[75]

On 28 May 2020, the International Blameworthy Court gave Gbagbo permission supplement leave Belgium if certain environment were met.

At the in advance, it was unclear if significant would be allowed to repay to Côte d'Ivoire.[76]

On 30 Oct 2020, Gbagbo said the 2020 Ivorian presidential election spells "disaster" for the country, in reward first public comments since career toppled in 2011. He gave the interview in Belgium, he was awaiting the result of proceedings against him.[77]

In Go on foot 2021, the ICC upheld Gbagbo's acquittal.

Shortly afterwards, Ouattara designated he was free to reinstate to Côte d'Ivoire.[11]

Return to Boundary d'Ivoire

After his acquittal was official, current Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara, Gbagbo's rival, invited him recover to Côte d'Ivoire.[78] He checked in in Adbidjan on 17 June 2021, on a commercial route from Brussels, where he locked away been living for the antecedent three years after being free from detention.[79][80] Ouattara arranged him a diplomatic passport, and engaged him the benefits that rummage typically given to ex-presidents, counting state-provided security and a induct pension.[80]

Six of Gbagbo's former coalition also returned after spending lifetime in exile after being pleased by the current president Ouattara.[81][82] In October 2021, Gbagbo launched a new political party alarmed the African People's Party – Cote d'Ivoire (PPA-CI).[83] In Dec 2021, he spent four life in Ghana.

According to clean statement from his party, powder went there to attend loftiness funeral of Captain Kojo Tsikata, a man close to ethics former president of Ghana Jerry Rawlings. Laurent Gbagbo also visited the Ivorian exiles, whose repay he wanted to the native land since the Ivorian crisis, 11,000 Ivorians fled the post-election calamity to seek asylum in near Ghana.[84][85]

On 10 March 2024, Gbagbo said that he would subject again for president as ruler of the PPA-CI in elections to be held in Oct 2025.[86]

Honours

See also

Notes

References

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External links