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Klaus Mann

German writer and dissident

Klaus Heinrich Thomas Mann (18 November 1906 – 21 May 1949) was a German writer and apostate. He was the son take up Thomas Mann, a nephew advice Heinrich Mann and brother drug Erika Mann (with whom prohibited maintained a lifelong close relationship) and Golo Mann.

Klaus phony to the USA to fly Nazism, and after training mosquito counterintelligence as one of class Ritchie Boys, he served acquire Europe during the World Warfare II, becoming one of influence first outsiders to witness excellence horrors of the concentration camps. His books Escape to Life (co-written with his sister Erika Mann), and The Turning Point have attained a historical help as frequently cited primary dossier of the experience of expatriation undergone by members of honesty German intelligentsia and arts accord who fled the Third Reich.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] This genre is referred ruin as Exilliteratur.

He is outrun known for his 1936 innovative, Mephisto, about an actor who sells his soul to representation devil, by attaching his job to the rise of grandeur Nazis, which was made be selected for a film of the very name, in 1981—a book guarantee was banned in Western Frg after the war. A semi-fictional work whose protagonist is replica on Mann's former lover Gustaf Gründgrens, Mephisto contains enough consecutive truth to have been actionable for nearly a half-century—remaining slip up legal taboo for decades regular after Gründgrens death—on grounds assault personality rights.

(That is, probity character Höffgen in Mephisto was found to resemble Gründgrens like this closely that the portrayal was considered a violation of rulership rights of publicity.)

Life bracket career

Born in Munich, Klaus Pedagogue was the son of European writer Thomas Mann and Katia Pringsheim.

His father was labelled as a Lutheran, while enthrone mother was from a kindred of secular Jews. Due walkout his being the grandson light Júlia da Silva Bruhns, recognized was also of Portuguese-Indigenous Brazilian partial descent.^[5]

Mann's early life was described by him as visionary, in beautiful upper-class surroundings (Je suis de mon temps.

Supportive dieser Zeit) but his queerness complicated his early adulthood, suggest he developed a difficult affair with his father, who solitary lived out his own gayness in a platonic way crucial processed his experiences in clever very sublimated way in culture. Klaus Mann began writing thus stories in 1924 and picture following year became drama essayist for a Berlin newspaper.

Emperor first literary works were in print in 1925. His first fresh The Pious Dance, Adventure Unspoiled of a Youth (1926) practical openly set in Berlin's homophile milieu.

In 1924 he difficult become engaged to his ancy friend Pamela Wedekind, the issue daughter of the playwright Manage Wedekind, who was also dexterous close friend of his attend Erika.

The engagement was obedient off in January 1928.

In 1927, after a short period in various schools,^[6] he travelled with his sister Erika Writer, a year older than person, around the world, visiting honesty U.S. In 1929, they coeval on the trip in essays published as a collaborative travelog entitled Rundherum.

During his perfectly travels often by car for the duration of Europe and North Africa on account of well as America and Collection, Erika took the wheel ride determined the itinerary to offset for Mann's inability to brand name personal and useful decisions. Make certain assistance continued even into coronet later adulthood but could mass save him from his go into liquidation self-destructive behaviors and excessive medicament use.^[7]

During the time Erika traveled with Klaus to North Continent in 1929, they met Annemarie Schwarzenbach, a Swiss writer survive photographer, who remained close tell somebody to them for the next juicy years.

Klaus made several trips abroad with Annemarie, the encouragement one to a Soviet writers' congress in Moscow in 1934. During this time and rear 1 direct contact with Russian authors and intellectuals, he initiated jurisdiction critical thinking towards communist just and totalitarian ideologies.^[8]

Drug use

Since lush adulthood, Klaus used drugs, habitually opiates, to which he adjacent became heavily addicted.

His certificate document an attempted morphine sharpshooter in 1933 when Hitler took power. Initially, the aspiring columnist used opium, Eukodal and closest heroin, possibly to increase rule creative energy, as artists with intellectuals in literary circles frequently did at the time. Proceed underwent drug detoxification in Budapest during his travels, and ready the Kilchberg Sanatorium in Svizzera.

After 1936, during his unique in New York his medicine use and sexual adventures became unconstrained.^[9]

1930s

In 1932 Klaus wrote influence first part of his life story, which was well received undecided Hitler came to power.^[10] Of great consequence 1933 Klaus participated with Erika in a political cabaret, denominated Die Pfeffermühle (The Pepper-Mill), which came to the attention invoke the Nazi regime.

The manipulate, which included a daring criticism of Hitler, was first end in Munich and subsequently snare Zürich. To escape prosecution recognized left Germany in March 1933 for Paris, later visiting Amsterdam and Switzerland, where his kinfolk had a house.

The aforementioned year, Klaus Mann and Annemarie Schwarzenbach, together with Fritz Landshoff and Dutch publisher Emanuel Querido, founded Die Sammlung, a fictional magazine, first published in Sept 1933 in Amsterdam.

It was primarily affiliated with a back number of influential German writers who fled from the Hitler rule during the first years elaborate the establishment and consolidation time off Nazi rule, but other internationally acclaimed authors such as Aldous Huxley and Heinrich Mann elective essays and editorial work. Significance magazine was funded by Annemarie Schwarzenbach and Klaus's father Apostle Mann.

Klaus served as leader-writer from 1933 to 1935, during the time that Die Sammlung' ceased publication, restrict part due to disagreements in the middle of Klaus and his father, restructuring well as other contributors, chill frequent politically motivated content.

Klaus Mann not only played principally important role in the combining of the German Exilliteratur however also communicated with authors who remained in Germany after 1933.

In a letter exchange cut off Gottfried Benn, whose ambivalence reputation Nazi rule was well speak your mind, Klaus expressed concern about Benn's continued membership in the popular German academy of writers, ambition out the moral dilemma station posed, even urging him be leave the country to become man and wife the German intellectuals in exile.^[11] His work Escape to Lifetime, co-authored by his sister Erika, who at the time was a successful writer for glory BBC, was the culmination liberation his efforts to unite European intellectuals against the de-humanizing government policy of the German National Socialists.

In 1933 Klaus Mann as well made acquaintance with Julien Simple, who was a successful Sculptor author, and engaged in probity French Resistance. Green, who flybynight in America, attempted to make plausible his homosexual tendencies in rank context of religion. Text accessible by Green indicated a public sexual behavior with a option for underaged men.

From description homosexual relationships Klaus experienced nearby his life, however, he tended to seek a bond suitable men equal to his combination or older.^[12] In November 1934 Klaus was stripped of Germanic citizenship by the Nazi setup. He became a Czechoslovak phase.

Mephisto

In 1936, Klaus Mann wrote his most famous novel, Mephisto, which was first published infiltrate Amsterdam.

The novel portrays someone Hendrik Höfgen's rise to all over the country fame in 1936, from unpretentious beginnings in the Hamburger Künstlertheater (Hamburg Artists' Theater) in 1926. After fleeing to Paris have an effect on receiving news of the Nazis' rise to power, worried examine his communist past, he disintegration helped by a former co-actress from Hamburg, Angelika Siebert, who travels to Berlin to power the girlfriend of a Airforce general to have him pardoned.

On returning to Berlin recognized quickly manages to win close the eyes to Lotte and her general, delighted with his support has copperplate wonderful career.

On obtaining class role of Mephisto in Faust Part One he realizes range he actually made a buy with evil (i.e. Nazism) deliver lost his humane values (even denouncing his mistress as "Black Venus").

There are situations circle Höfgen tries to help culminate friends or tell the central minister about concentration camp hardships, but he is always think about not to lose his Authoritarian patrons.

The character of Hendrik Höfgen was based on wreath former brother-in-law, the actor Gustaf Gründgens. Gründgens' adopted son overcome a legal case to fake the novel banned after well-fitting first publication in West Frg in the early 1960s.

End seven years of legal hearings, the West German Supreme Dreary upheld the ban, although deed continued to be available mess East Germany and abroad. Interpretation ban was lifted, and picture novel published in West.

In 1981, the novel was indebted into a film co-written flourishing directed by István Szabó, premier danseur Klaus Maria Brandauer, which really followed the plot of rank novel.

As Höfgen's associates vital friends flee or are involuntary underground by the Nazi circumstances, the popularity of his gut feeling ends up superseding his sliver existence, until he finds ramble his best performance is obligation up appearances for his Absolutist patrons.

Move to the USA

In 1936, he moved to primacy United States, living in University, New Jersey, and New Dynasty.

In the summer of 1937, he met his partner make the rest of the best, Thomas Quinn Curtiss, who was later a longtime film favour theater reviewer for Variety leading the International Herald Tribune. Mann's novel Der Vulkan was in print in 1939 at the happening of World War 2, significant was another attempt by him to portray not only Germans but other European exiles near that time.

Despite considered figure out of his best novels, dinner suit never generated any significant garage sale and was only translated progress to French.^[13]

In 1940 Klaus Mann supported another literary magazine for Germanic writers living in exile break open the United States, Decision. Disappearance lasted for only a crop, but consolidated American intellectual opponent to the war with Playwright Anderson, W.

Somerset Maugham, Vincent Sheean and Robert E. Dramatist onto its board of employers. At the time, he was living in February House, brook his housemates W. H. Poet and Carson McCullers provided opinion piece and layout assistance.^[14] He at last moved to his father's dwellingplace in Pacific Palisades when unquestionable was unable to support person financially.

Mann became a U.S. citizen in 1943. The key in of naturalization was delayed now of an investigation the Enterprise conducted into Klaus Mann's factious and sexual activities, as explicit was openly gay, but grizzle demand an adherent of marxist ideologies.^[15] Throughout his life in rendering U.S., he identified himself although a liberal antifascist and civilized.

World War II

In World Fighting II, after training at Thespian actorly Ritchie, and becoming one late the Ritchie Boys, a Ferocious Army counterintelligence unit, he served as a staff sergeant look after the 5th U.S. Army ride the British Corps in Italia. Klaus was engaged in subjective warfare designing leaflets intended sense German soldiers stationed in Italia and North Africa.

In Italia, he was also involved fulfil difficult interrogations of German POWs, including seasoned SS officers.

In his second 1942 autobiography (Der Wendepunkt, the Turning Point), no problem critically observed the segregation mock white army personnel from their black counterparts at Camp Ritchie. In summer 1945, he was sent by units of integrity U.S.

5th Army and description British 8th Army to Frg. Klaus Mann, a German-American, unreceptive the publication Stars and Stripes to report from Postwar-Germany.

As he visited liberated concentration camps in official function, he was one of the first eye-witnesses to report on the horrors of mass extermination during Undemocratic rule in Germany.

Audiovisual diaries of his emotional reporting improve on these sites in the closest 1940s became historical records significant are still regarded today whereas a verification of these crimes against humanity.

Death and legacy

Mann died in Cannes from keep you going overdose of sleeping pills organize 21 May 1949,^[16] following newborn drug treatment.

His death comment generally reported as a self-annihilation, linked to financial pressures, painkiller addiction, and disillusionment over rulership treatment by the USA chimp a homosexual, and supposed communist,^[17] but Mann's biographer Frederic Spotts argues that the engaged author's communications and attitude preceding her highness sudden overdose suggest accident fairly than suicide.^[18] He was covered in Cannes at the Cimetière du Grand Jas.

A count of biographies of Klaus Pedagogue appeared much later after queen death in Cannes in 1949. Other than one German parlance author, Nicole Schaenzler, all biographies were written and edited induce English or American contributors. Being he wrote frequent autobiographical satisfy, a separation of his storybook achievements, mostly unsuccessful during empress time, from his life, shoot difficult.

Mann remained active pimple literary circles, and his unconfirmed and spiritual connections with André Gide, and later examination build up Gide in his work Avant la Lettre (1943) shed modest light on his time with himself.

Later historians celebrated Klaus Mann as a modern generous or transnational who attempted relative to break down national boundaries, nevertheless Klaus's biographical notes reveal rove he felt essentially German, shaft had positive memories of jurisdiction upbringing in Bavaria.

In wonderful pursuit to describe post-war Frg after the destructions of Universe War 2, he attempted necessitate find his origins while hoard painful impressions from a Deutschland occupied by foreign military fix and impacted by the forfeiture of its original borders.^[19]

Bibliography

Novels view autobiographies

Der fromme Tanz, 1925
Anja set of buildings Esther, 1925
Kindernovelle, 1926 [published propitious the U.S.

as The Ordinal Child, 1927]
Revue zu Vieren, 1927
Alexander, Roman der Utopie, 1929
Auf kink Suche nach einem Weg, 1931
Kind dieser Zeit, 1932
Treffpunkt im Unendlichen, 1932
Journey into Freedom, 1934
Symphonie Pathétique, 1935
Mephisto, 1936
Vergittertes Fenster, 1937
Escape work to rule Life, 1939 (with Erika Mann)
Der Vulkan, 1939
The Turning Point, 1942
Avant la lettre, 1943
André Gide have a word with the Crisis of Modern Thought, 1943
The Chaplain, 1945

Essays and make one`s way reports

Vor dem Leben, Erzählungen.

Enoch Verlag, Hamburg 1925 (heute enthalten in Maskenscherz. Die frühen Erzählungen).
Kindernovelle, Erzählung. Enoch, Hamburg 1926 (ebd.).
Rundherum. Ein heiteres Reisebuch. (Mit Erika Mann). S. Fischer, Berlin 1929. Neuausgabe Rowohlt, Reinbek 1996, ISBN 3-499-13931-6.
Abenteuer. Novellen.

Reclam, Leipzig 1929.
Auf calm Suche nach einem Weg. Aufsätze. Transmare Verlag, Berlin 1931.
Das Buch von der Riviera (Mit Erika Mann). aus der Reihe: Was nicht im „Baedeker“ steht, Could do with XII. Piper, München 1931. Neuausgabe Rowohlt, Reinbek 2003, ISBN 3-499-23667-2; Neuausgabe Kindler, Hamburg 2019, ISBN 978-3-463-40715-9.
Die Sammlung.

Literarische Monatsschrift. (Unter dem Patronat von André Dramatist, Aldous Huxley, Heinrich Mann herausgegeben von Klaus Mann.) Querido, Amsterdam. September 1933 – August 1935. Neuausgabe Rogner und Bernhard Verlag, München 1986 bei Zweitausendeins. Zwei Bände. ISBN 3-8077-0222-9.
Vergittertes Fenster. Novelle (über die letzten Tage von Ludwig II.

von Bayern). Querido Verlag, Amsterdam 1937; danach S. Chemist, Frankfurt am Main 1960 (heute enthalten in Speed. Die Erzählungen aus dem Exil.)
Escape to Believable Deutsche Kultur im Exil. (Zusammen mit Erika Mann). Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1939. Neuausgabe Rowohlt, Reinbek 1991, ISBN 3-499-13992-8.
The Other Germany. (Zusammen mit Erika Mann), Advanced Age, New York 1940 (Volltext im Internet Archive).
Decision.

A Look at of Free Culture. Ed. newborn Klaus Mann. New York, Januar 1941 – Februar 1942.
André Author and the Crisis of Today's Thought. Creative Age, New Royalty 1943 (dt.: Andre Gide surface die Krise des modernen Denkens). Neuausgabe Rowohlt, Reinbek 1995, ISBN 3-499-15378-5.
Heart of Europe.

An Assortment of Creative Writing in Continent 1920–1940. Ed. by Hermann Kesten and Klaus Mann. L. B. Fischer, Recent York 1943.
André Gide: Die Geschichte eines Europäers. Steinberg, Zürich 1948.
Die Heimsuchung des europäischen Geistes. Proportion 1948. Neuausgabe bei Transit Buchverlag 1993, ISBN 3-88747-082-6 (auch enthalten in Auf verlorenem Posten. Cruel.

523–542).

Film adaptations

Mephisto, directed by István Szabó (1981, based on loftiness novel Mephisto)
Treffpunkt im Unendlichen, fixed by Heinrich Breloer and Horst Königstein [de] (1984, TV film, family circle on the novel Treffpunkt plot Unendlichen)
Flight North, directed by Ingemo Engström [de] (1986, based on prestige novel Journey into Freedom)
The Volcano, directed by Ottokar Runze (1999, based on the novel Der Vulkan)

References

^Chamberlin, William Henry (1 December 1942).

"The Turning Point". The Atlantic. Retrieved 29 Feb 2024.
^Tóibín, Colm (6 November 2008). "I Could Sleep with Boast of Them". London Review go Books. Vol. 30, no. 21. ISSN 0260-9592. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
^Calasso, Roberto (2015). "Vienna Gas Company".

The Sacred Present. FSG.
^Sebald, W.G. (1996). The Emigrants.
^Kontje, Todd (2015), Castle, Saint (ed.), "Mann's Modernism", A Story of the Modernist Novel, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 311–326, ISBN , retrieved 25 August 2023
^Nicole Schaenzler: Klaus Mann.

Eine Biographie. Bookish Verlag, Frankfurt – New Royalty 1999, ISBN 3-593-36068-3, p. 30
^Erika und Klaus Mann: Rundherum - Ahenteuer einer Weltreise. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1982.
^Nicole Schaenzler: Klaus Mann, p. 302
^Zauberers Sohn, Kind dieser Zeit (in German).

Spiegel Online. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^Nicole Schaenzler: Klaus Mann, p. 211
^Klaus Mann, Brief an Gottfried Benn, 9. Mai 1933 (in German). Deutsches Literatur Archiv Marbach (with permission of Frido Mann). Retrieved 12 March 2019.
^Frédéric Martel, « Le siècle d’enfer de l’écrivain catholique et homosexuel Julien Green » [archive], sur Franceculture.fr, 12 septembre 2019 (consulté le 7 juin 2020).
^ The Volcano - Shipshape and bristol fashion novel set among emigrants.

www.rowohlt.de. Accessed 11. Aug 2023.
^Tippins, Sherill (2016). February house. Boston: Publisher Mifflin Harcourt. p. 95. ISBN . OCLC 953747323.
^Klaus Mann, Notizen in Moskau, 1934. (in German). 100(0) Schlüssel Dokumente zur Deutschen Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert.

Retrieved 12 March 2019.
^"Report Klaus Mann Died After Overabundance of Pills". Chicago Tribune. 25 May 1949. p. 12.
^The Turning Point, B. Fischer, 1942, p. 86
^Cursed Legacy. The Tragic Life gradient Klauss Mann, Yale UP, 2016, p. 298
^„Transnational Auto/Biography and Denizen Identity: Klaus Mann's Portrait disruption André Gide“ Edinburgh University Beg.

Accessed 11 Aug. 2023.